“…Numerous studies have documented that Blacks are more vulnerable than Whites to the health effects of smoking in terms of slower nicotine metabolism ( Perez-Stable, Herrera, Jacob, & Benowitz, 1998 ), greater susceptibility to nicotine dependence ( Luo et al, 2008 ), and smoking-related lung cancer ( Harris, Zang, Anderson, & Wynder, 1993 ). Future studies with larger samples should investigate whether race differences in the health effects of smoking exist even at low levels of smoking and elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying that association, including the possible role of third factors not measured in this study such as race differences in attitudes about health-promoting behaviors, peer tobacco use, religiosity, social integration, and other risk factors for substance involvement ( Juon et al, 2002 ;Wallace & Muroff, 2002 ).…”