A Low‐cost Paper‐based Diamond Electrode for Trace Copper Analysis at On‐site Environmental Area

Abstract

In the present study, an alternative platform for trace copper ions (Cu(II)) determination using a diamond electrode in combination with a disposable paper‐based analytical device (d‐PAD) has been proposed. First, the complexation between Cu(II) and 1,10‐phenanthroline ligand was adsorptively accumulated onto a paper that is directly in contact with the diamond electrode and measured via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the peak current was proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range of 0.4–70 ng mL−1, and the detection limit was found to be 0.1 ng mL−1. Most importantly, this platform can be successfully applied to detect trace Cu(II) in different water samples (drinking water, tap water, groundwater and river water) with satisfactory results. Thus, the proposed d‐PAD could be a highly efficient platform for trace Cu(II) determination in environmental samples.

Electroanalytical Sensor Based on Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Paper for Sensitive Detection of Copper Ions in Sweat and Serum

“…As highlighted in Table S2, paper-based electrochemical sensors were developed for copper detection in standard solutions, water, , and aerosol samples …”

“…In some of these studies, paper was only used as a simple support without the exploitation of its remarkable features, e.g., paper-based substrate as a support to stick a boron-doped diamond electrode through a double-layer tape or a multireagent paper-based strip coupled to an electrode stencil-printed on polyethylene …”

Single-Use Fluidic Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices Fabricated by Pen Plotting and Screen-Printing for On-Site Rapid Voltammetric Monitoring of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

“…Several paper-based devices have been reported for heavy metal and metalloid determination by stripping analysis. Most of them involve multi-layered constructions such as: paper disks placed atop planar electrodes [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]; paper sheets attached on commercial 3-electrode screen-printed electrodes [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; paper devices with externally attached electrodes [ 44 , 45 ]. On the contrary, only a handful of truly integrated ePADs have been developed for stripping analysis of heavy metals and metalloids fabricated by: laquer spraying/screen-printing [ 46 ]; wax melting/sputtering [ 47 ]; wax printing/screen-printing [ 48 , 49 ]; inkjet-printing/screen printing [ 50 ].…”

“…On the contrary, only a handful of truly integrated ePADs have been developed for stripping analysis of heavy metals and metalloids fabricated by: laquer spraying/screen-printing [ 46 ]; wax melting/sputtering [ 47 ]; wax printing/screen-printing [ 48 , 49 ]; inkjet-printing/screen printing [ 50 ]. Among all the aforementioned paper-based sensors, only very few deal with simultaneous stripping determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) [ 36 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] and are all based on modular designs. In this context, it is highly desirable to develop integrated, disposable, low-cost ePADs for the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by stripping analysis.…”

DC Sputtered Ultralow Loading Gold Nanofilm Electrodes for Detection of As (III) in Water

“…Our study is aligned with recent efforts to develop facile and low-cost electrode fabrication methods beyond screen printing and Au wire electrodes, which could increase access to electrochemical detection. [38][39][40][41][42] Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the suitability of electrodes prepared by DC sputtered to be used as an alternative to nanoparticle, screen printing, and wire electrodes. This is the first investigation presenting the use of ultralow (<10 μg cm −2 ) gold loading on carbon, formed using sputter z E-mail: garzon@unm.edu deposition, to detect As (III) in water.…”