“…The gradient-boosting algorithm (Friedman, 2001(Friedman, , 2002Friedman et al, 2000) implements a gradient descent algorithm to the boosting model, significantly improving its efficiency for applications. In accounting and finance research, ensemble learning algorithms have been used, for example, to predict financial failure (Jiang & Jones, 2018;Jones, 2017), to identify and predict features that influence citation impacts (Jones & Alam, 2019), to detect fraud (Bao et al, 2020;Gepp et al, 2021), to model the conditional risk premium (Hoang & Faff, 2021), to improve managerial estimates in financial reports (Ding et al, 2020), to predict corporate bond default (Lu & Zhuo, 2021), and to examine the value and relative importance of various board and firm characteristics in predicting workplace diversity (Ranta & Ylinen, 2023). The gradient boosting algorithm was introduced in the works of Friedman et al (2000), Friedman (2001), and Friedman and Popescu (2003).…”