Bacteria of the genus Brucella cause brucellosis, one of the world's neglected zoonotic diseases. It is a disease of poverty; infections of livestock have a huge socioeconomic cost while human brucellosis starts as a debilitating acute infection that can be come chronic with many complications. The figure of 500 000 new human cases each year is regularly cited in reviews and research papers, however this is a vast under estimation; many of the most affected countries do not have the infrastructure for diagnosis and the broad spectrum of symptoms are shared with other febrile infections. Considering the importance of the disease, the international brucellosis research community is small; we cover a wide range of research interests ranging from veterinary and human medicine to molecular genetics, cell biology and immunology. Much work is centred on the deciphering how Brucella cause disease in animals and man; how they enter and survive in host cells, how they use their VirB Type IV secretion system to deliver effectors that modulate host cell biology and immune response.. This will lead to the identification of new strategies for vaccine development, targets for diagnostic and prognostic tests and the development of new therapies. However, as noted in the first few lines of this editorial, brucellosis is a disease of poverty; and it is important that, especially for disease surveillance, diagnosis, control and treatment, that we work for solutions that are relevant and applicable to the countries where the disease is really a problem. Here I will list a few points that highlight a small selection of the recent practical advances and some of the major challenges.