This paper will consider e-learning in terms of the underlying learning processes and interactions that are stimulated, supported or favoured by new media and the contexts or communities in which it is used. We will review and critique a selection of research and development from the past fifty years that has linked pedagogical and learning theory to the design of innovative e-learning systems and activities, and discuss their implications.It will include approaches that are, essentially, behaviourist (Skinner and Gagné), cognitivist (Pask, Piaget and Papert), situated (Lave, Wenger and Seely-Brown), socioconstructivist (Vygotsky), socio-cultural (Nardi and Engestrom) and community-based (Wenger and Preece). Emerging from this review is the argument that effective elearning usually requires, or involves, high-quality educational discourse, that leads to, at the least, improved knowledge, and at the best, conceptual development and improved understanding. To achieve this I argue that we need to adopt a more holistic approach to design that synthesizes features of the included approaches, leading to a framework that emphasizes the relationships between cognitive changes, dialogue processes and the communities, or contexts for e-learning.
IntroductionMost stakeholders at all levels of education expect that innovative, improved and more highly communicative pedagogies will be realized through the exploitation of new educational media. But has research and development in this area truly delivered findings that support these anticipations? This paper will argue that it is useful to step back from institutional and practical concerns about Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) and online courses, so that we can consider e-learning in terms of the underlying learning processes and interactions that are stimulated, supported or favoured by new media and the contexts or communities in which they are used. (Currently, the term 'e-learning' is used quite loosely in the literature to represent learning that is assisted, augmented or 'delivered' by technology. It is this typical and broad coverage of the term that is used in this article). We will review and critique a selection of research and development from the past fifty years that has linked pedagogical and learning theory to the design of innovative e-learning systems and activities and assess the implications for e-learning design. Each initiative will be dealt with concisely, and the most striking findings presented; see Ravenscroft (2001) for a more detailed and descriptive account of some of the included approaches. This review is necessarily selective and aimed at surfacing important work that is often overlooked, but which is valuable to contemporary researchers and practitioners. So the omission of accounts of some well referenced and relatively recent work, such as that of Laurillard (2002), Mayes (1993) and Duffy, Jonassen and Lowyck (1993), as well as those working in the area of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) (for example, Dillenbourg, 1999...