A marine atmospheric spectrum for laser propagation

Grayshan, Katelyn; Vetelino, Frida Strömqvist; Young, Cynthia

doi:10.1080/17455030701541154

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The effects of humidity over water make the optical waves' propagation more complicated [9,10], and the interaction between the humidity and temperature fluctuations in the marine atmosphere needs to be considered. Based on experimental data taken over the Salton Sea [10], recently a new analytic marine atmospheric refractivity spectrum has been developed [11,12], and it revealed a significant amplification of the characteristic bump compared with the terrestrial refractivity spectrum. The pronounced bump in the refractivity spectrum derived from the Salton Sea data is believed to generally represent the marine atmosphere [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation for infrared optical waves’ propagation through marine atmospheric turbulence

Cui

2014

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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Current theoretical temporal power spectra models of an optical wave have been developed for terrestrial environments. The interactions between humidity and temperature fluctuations in the marine atmospheric environments make the marine atmospheric turbulence particularly challenging, and the optical waves' propagation through marine turbulence exhibits a different behavior with respect to terrestrial propagation. In this paper, the temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation under weak marine atmospheric turbulence, which is one of the key temporal statistics to describe the correlation of irradiance fluctuations at different time instances, is investigated in detail both analytically and numerically. Closed-form expressions for the temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation are derived for infrared plane and spherical waves under weak marine atmospheric turbulence, and they consider physically the influences of finite turbulence inner and outer scales. The final results indicate that the marine atmospheric turbulence brings more effects on the irradiance scintillation than the terrestrial atmospheric turbulence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though more experiments are necessary for its validation, this spectrum is a good candidate to describe atmospheric turbulence in a general marine environment [12]. It has been applied to investigate the optical waves' propagation through marine atmospheric turbulence [11,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation for infrared optical waves’ propagation through marine atmospheric turbulence

Cui

2014

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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“…The complexity of the maritime domain is due to the excessive presence of aerosols and water droplets which lead to additional scattering and absorption of the laser beam. In addition, it was established that the optical turbulence itself in the marine situation has different power spectrum [4] compared to the classic ground case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probability density function of fluctuating intensity of a laser beam propagating in marine atmospheric turbulence

2011

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We report on the analysis of experimental data collected at the United States Naval Academy in the Summer and Fall of 2010. A low-power red He-Ne laser source was used to generate a Gaussian beam. The beam was directed horizontally above the ground and over the water for 400 m during daytime. The transverse cross-section of the beam was projected on a white screen and imaged using a ccd camera. The histogram of the fluctuating intensity at the center of the beam was obtained from the sequence of photographs. Comparison was made of the histogram and probability density functions of fluctuating intensity based on two existing analytic models, Gamma-Gamma and Gamma-Laguerre. Also the comparison of the beam statistics above the ground and over the water was performed.

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“…Humidity and temperature fluctuations in maritime environments may complicate optical propagation to a greater extent than those in terrestrial environments; the correlation and cospectrum of temperature and humidity fluctuations must be considered [1]. According to Hill's experimental data [2], a new marine atmospheric spectrum that describes atmospheric turbulence in a general maritime environment is proposed [3]. Considering the effect of the inner-scale of turbulence, researchers [3] developed the irradiance fluctuation expressions of plane and spherical waves on the basis of the new maritime spectrum in weak optical turbulence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiral spectrum of Airy beams propagation through moderate-to-strong turbulence of maritime atmosphere

Zhu

Zhang

2016

Opt. Express

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The spatial coherence radius in moderate-to-strong maritime turbulence is derived on the basis of the modified Rytov approximation. Models are developed to simulate the spiral spectrum of Airy beams propagating through moderate-to-strong maritime turbulence. In the moderate-to-strong irradiance fluctuation region, we analyze the effects of maritime turbulence on the spread of the spiral spectrum of Airy beams in a horizontal propagation path. Results indicate that the increment in the inner-scale significantly increases the received power. By contrast, the outer-scale elicits a negligible effect on the received power if the ratio of the inner-scale to the outer-scale is less than 0.01. The outer-scale affects the received power only if the ratio is greater than 0.01. The performance of a light source is essential for the received power of Airy beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) through moderate-to-strong maritime turbulence. Airy beams with longer wavelengths, smaller OAM numbers, larger radii of the main ring, and smaller diameters of the circular aperture are less affected by maritime turbulence. Autofocusing of Airy beams is beneficial for the propagation of the spiral spectrum in a certain propagation distance. These results contribute to the design of optical communication systems with OAM encoding for moderate-to-strong maritime turbulence.

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A marine atmospheric spectrum for laser propagation

Cited by 82 publications

References 5 publications

Temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation for infrared optical waves’ propagation through marine atmospheric turbulence

Temporal power spectra of irradiance scintillation for infrared optical waves’ propagation through marine atmospheric turbulence

Probability density function of fluctuating intensity of a laser beam propagating in marine atmospheric turbulence

Spiral spectrum of Airy beams propagation through moderate-to-strong turbulence of maritime atmosphere

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