“…The first dimension, policymakers, concerns policymakers' drivers, considerations and objectives applying profiling through public employment services (PES). This dimension refers to national (Mozzana, 2019), state-level (Wandner, 2008), regional (Fr€ olich et al, 2003) and municipal policymakers (Rice, 2017), as well as international and national legal institutions (Dencik and Kaun, 2020;Kuzjemski and Misuraca, 2020). As described in Table 4, policymakers have various profiling drivers, for instance, ensuring scarce resources targeted toward jobseekers most in need and delivering intensive services before long-term unemployment occurs (O'Connell et al, 2012, p. 136).…”