A Mega-Study of Text-Based Nudges Encouraging Patients to Get Vaccinated at an Upcoming Doctor’s Appointment

Milkman, Katherine L.; Patel, Mitesh S.; Gandhi, Linnea; Graci, Heather N.; Gromet, Dena M.; Ho, Hung S.; Kay, Joseph S.; Lee, Timothy J.; Akinola, Modupe; Beshears, John; Bogard, Jon; Buttenheim, Alison; Chabris, Christopher F.; Chapman, Gretchen B.; Choi, James J.; Dai, Hengchen; Fox, Craig R.; Goren, Amir; Hilchey, Matthew D.; Hmurovic, Jillian; John, Leslie K.; Karlan, Dean; Kim, Melanie; Laibson, David; Lamberton, Cait; Madrian, Brigitte C.; Meyer, Michelle N.; Modanu, Maria; Nam, Jimin; Rogers, Todd; Rondina, Renante; Saccardo, Silvia; Shermohammed, Maheen; Soman, Dilip; Sparks, Jehan; Warren, Caleb; Weber, Megan; Berman, Ron; Evans, Chalanda N.; Snider, Christopher K.; Tsukayama, Eli; Bulte, Christophe Van den; Volpp, Kevin G.; Duckworth, Angela

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3780267

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Vaccine intentions seem responsive to information messages, which suggests that public information campaigns may boost COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States. Consistent with studies about flu and MMR vaccines (12,21), we found the most effective message communicates private health benefits of vaccinating, which increased intended vaccinations by 16 percentage points, one-third larger than the rate of intended vaccinations in the control group. The strong response to the private benefit message may partly reflect the political polarization of vaccine hesitancy in the United States.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

Ashworth

Thunström

Cherry

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines is a tremendous scientific response to the current global pandemic. However, vaccines per se do not save lives and restart economies. Their success depends on the number of people getting vaccinated. We used a survey experiment to examine the impact on vaccine intentions of a variety of public health messages identified as particularly promising: three messages that emphasize different benefits from the vaccines (personal health, the health of others, and the recovery of local and national economies) and one message that emphasizes vaccine safety. Because people will likely be exposed to multiple messages in the real world, we also examined the effect of these messages in combination. Based on a nationally quota representative sample of 3,048 adults in the United States, our findings suggest that several forms of public messages can increase vaccine intentions, but messaging that emphasizes personal health benefits had the largest impact.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

Ashworth

Thunström

Cherry

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, since existing studies have reported that nudge-based messages can promote seasonal influenza vaccination behavior (e.g., Milkman et al, 2021), our messages may be effective also for behaviors. In addition, whether this study's results are applicable to other countries should be tested by future research.…”

Section: Discussion Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Nudges for COVID-19 Voluntary Vaccination: How to Explain Peer Information?

2021

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“…These results suggest that states should consider targeting broad swaths of the population (e.g., all adults) in highly specific geographic contexts when--and, from the perspective of directly reducing mortality, perhaps only when--this targeting allows for tactics that allow older residents to be more effectively reached. Such tactics could include home visits ( 25, 26 ), walk-in pop-up clinics ( 27 ), assigning appointment slots to all residents ( 28 ), and other forms of direct outreach. Such approaches may be especially likely to succeed in increasing uptake among the highest-risk when high-risk populations are vaccine-hesitant but might be more likely to adopt vaccination as others in their networks become vaccinated, and to the extent that such approaches increase framing of vaccination as the local default ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such tactics could include home visits ( 25, 26 ), walk-in pop-up clinics ( 27 ), assigning appointment slots to all residents ( 28 ), and other forms of direct outreach. Such approaches may be especially likely to succeed in increasing uptake among the highest-risk when high-risk populations are vaccine-hesitant but might be more likely to adopt vaccination as others in their networks become vaccinated, and to the extent that such approaches increase framing of vaccination as the local default ( 28 ). Such direct outreach might be an effective strategy to vaccinate very high-risk populations quickly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographically-targeted COVID-19 vaccination is more equitable than age-based thresholds alone

Wrigley-Field

Riley

et al. 2021

Preprint

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COVID-19 mortality increases dramatically with age and is also substantially higher among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) populations in the United States. These two facts introduce tradeoffs because BIPOC populations are younger than white populations. In analyses of California and Minnesota--demographically divergent states--we show that COVID vaccination schedules based solely on age benefit the older white populations at the expense of younger BIPOC populations with higher risk of death from COVID-19. We find that strategies that prioritize high-risk geographic areas for vaccination at all ages better target mortality risk than age-based strategies alone, although they do not always perform as well as direct prioritization of high-risk racial/ethnic groups.

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A Mega-Study of Text-Based Nudges Encouraging Patients to Get Vaccinated at an Upcoming Doctor’s Appointment

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

Nudges for COVID-19 Voluntary Vaccination: How to Explain Peer Information?

Geographically-targeted COVID-19 vaccination is more equitable than age-based thresholds alone

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