Newly developed charge storage and charge transport materials, such as organic polymers, demonstrate promise for applications in secondary batteries. Currently, such organic materials are regarded as promising candidates as substitutes for traditional metal materials for energy storage equipment because of advantages such as structural diversity, abundance, and environmental friendliness. The structural characteristics, electrochemical reaction mechanism, and properties of polymer electrode materials are comprehensively introduced. In addition, recent progress on implementing polymer‐based materials in lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries, as well as problems associated with the development of polymer electrodes, are discussed.