A Meta-Analysis of Relationships between Measures of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Intelligence

Kopp, Bruno; Maldonado, Natasha; Scheffels, Jannik Florian; Hendel, M; Lange, Florian

doi:10.3390/brainsci9120349

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…However, using age- and education-adjusted cut-offs for ECAS [ 35 ], ALS patients scored below the cut-off more frequently than SMA patients did, mainly in the two language-related domains ECAS language and ECAS verbal fluency. Among others, these cognitive domains represent the crystalized intelligence, that is knowledge-based and education-dependent, in contrast to fluid intelligence, which corresponds to the ability to solve problems by reasoning (e.g., executive functions) [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Performance of Patients with Adult 5q-Spinal Muscular Atrophy and with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

et al. 2020

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Motor neuron diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), share several clinical similarities while differing substantially in etiology, disease onset and progression. Cognitive dysfunction, a clinically relevant non-motor feature in a substantial proportion of ALS patients, has been less frequently investigated in SMA. In this prospective multicenter cross-sectional study, cognitive function was assessed by the Edinburgh Cognitive (and Behavioural) ALS Screen (ECAS) and a German vocabulary test (Wortschatztest, WST) in 34 adult patients with SMA types 2–4 and in 34 patients with ALS. Demographic and clinical parameters were assessed to identify factors that potentially influence cognitive function. While SMA and ALS patients were comparable in the vocabulary test, on average, SMA patients performed better than ALS patients in the cognitive domains of memory, language and executive function. Better cognitive abilities in SMA patients seemed to be related to the early onset, rather than the extent or the duration, of their physical handicap. Future studies should focus on disease-specific cognitive functions in SMA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Performance of Patients with Adult 5q-Spinal Muscular Atrophy and with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

et al. 2020

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“…Increased WCST error propensities (usually measured as enhanced PE and/or SLE rates; [16]) are well-documented neuropsychological corollaries of many neurodegenerative diseases [15,[17][18][19][20]. Among these diseases-and of particular interest for the current study-is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is characterized by a loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord neurons [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Study of Executive Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Steinke

Lange

Seer

et al. 2020

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Executive dysfunction is a well-documented, yet nonspecific corollary of various neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Here, we applied computational modeling of latent cognition for executive control in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We utilized a parallel reinforcement learning model of trial-by-trial Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) behavior. Eighteen ALS patients and 21 matched healthy control participants were assessed on a computerized variant of the WCST (cWCST). ALS patients showed latent cognitive symptoms, which can be characterized as bradyphrenia and haphazard responding. A comparison with results from a recent computational Parkinson’s disease (PD) study (Steinke et al., 2020, J Clin Med) suggests that bradyphrenia represents a disease-nonspecific latent cognitive symptom of ALS and PD patients alike. Haphazard responding seems to be a disease-specific latent cognitive symptom of ALS, whereas impaired stimulus-response learning seems to be a disease-specific latent cognitive symptom of PD. These data were obtained from the careful modeling of trial-by-trial behavior on the cWCST, and they suggest that computational cognitive neuropsychology provides nosologically specific indicators of latent facets of executive dysfunction in ALS (and PD) patients, which remain undiscoverable for traditional behavioral cognitive neuropsychology. We discuss implications for neuropsychological assessment, and we discuss opportunities for confirmatory computational brain imaging studies.

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“…Their results suggest that the W/MCST scores are far from reaching the desirable standard of reliability. Lineweaver, Bondi, Thomas, and Salmon (1999) provided the study with the largest sample size, and their results can be regarded as being quite representative for the field as a whole (see Kopp, Maldonado, Hendel, & Lange, 2019; see also Appendix A Table S1 in the Supplemental Appendix, available online for an overview). Based on test-retest data from 142 healthy volunteers, these authors computed reliability estimates for MCST scores as low as .56 (number of categories), .64 (number of perseverative errors), and .46 (number of non-perseverative errors, which roughly corresponds to number of set-loss errors).…”

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The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice

2019

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The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents the gold standard for the neuropsychological assessment of executive function. However, very little is known about its reliability. In the current study, 146 neurological inpatients received the Modified WCST (M-WCST). Four basic measures (number of correct sorts, categories, perseverative errors, set-loss errors) and their composites were evaluated for split-half reliability. The reliability estimates of the number of correct sorts, categories, and perseverative errors fell into the desirable range ( rel ≥ .90). The study therefore disclosed sufficiently reliable M-WCST measures, fostering the application of this eminent psychological test to neuropsychological assessment. Our data also revealed that the M-WCST possesses substantially better psychometric properties than would be expected from previous studies of WCST test-retest reliabilities obtained from non-patient samples. Our study of split-half reliabilities from discretionary construed and from randomly built M-WCST splits exemplifies a novel approach to the psychometric foundation of neuropsychology.

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A Meta-Analysis of Relationships between Measures of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Intelligence

Cited by 28 publications

References 141 publications

Cognitive Performance of Patients with Adult 5q-Spinal Muscular Atrophy and with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cognitive Performance of Patients with Adult 5q-Spinal Muscular Atrophy and with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Computational Study of Executive Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice

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