“…Interestingly, this particular theme is not overtly present within the NAAEE guidelines, nor was it explicitly built into any research designs encountered in this review. The formal education literature, however, has long considered teachers' verbal and non-verbal communication styles to be prominent determinants of student outcomes (Finn et al 2009). Moreover, a recent study conducted by the first two authors of this article revealed that certain characteristics of educators (interpretive rangers in the National Park Service in this case), in particular their comfort, eloquence, apparent knowledge, passion, sincerity, and charisma, were strongly associated with more positive visitor outcomes.…”