A method for evoking physiological responses by stimulation of cell bodies, but not axons of passage, within localized regions of the central nervous system

Goodchild, Ann K.; Dampney, R.A.L.; Bandler, Richard

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(82)90036-x

Cited by 384 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In contrast, both electrical and chemical stimulation of CG evokes defensive behavior. Since excitatory amino acids offer a way to selectively activate local neurons without concurrently exciting passing axons (Goodchild et al, 1982), these results suggest that neurons in the CG, but not the hypothalamus, are critical for the expression of behavioral defense responses. The same conclusion, interestingly, was reached in the present study of conditioned defensive behavior on the basis of IBO and electrolytic lesions of the hypothalamus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

et al. 1988

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The purpose of the present study was to determine whether lesions of areas projected to by the central amygdaloid nucleus (ACE) would disrupt the classical conditioning of autonomic and/or behavioral emotional responses. The areas studied included 3 projection targets of the ACE: the lateral hypothalamic area (LH), midbrain central gray (CG) region, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Lesions were made either electrolytically or by microinjection of ibotenic acid, which destroys local neurons without interrupting fibers of passage. Two weeks later, the animals were classically conditioned by pairing an acoustic stimulus with footshock. The next day, conditioned changes in autonomic activity (increases in arterial pressure) and emotional behavior (“freezing,” or the arrest of somatomotor activity) evoked by the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) were measured during extinction trials. Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions of the LH interfered with the conditioned arterial pressure response, but did not affect conditioned freezing. Electrolytic lesions of the rostral CG disrupted conditioned freezing but not conditioned changes in arterial pressure. Ibotenic acid injected into the rostral CG reduced neither the arterial pressure nor the freezing response. Injection of ibotenic acid in the caudal CG, like electrolytic lesions of the rostral CG, disrupted the freezing, but not the arterial pressure response. Injection of ibotenic acid into the BNST had no effect on either response. These data demonstrate that neurons in the LH are involved in the autonomic, but not the behavioral, conditioned response pathway, whereas neurons in the caudal CG are involved in the behavioral, but not the autonomic, pathway. Different efferent projections of the central amygdala thus appear to mediate the behavioral and autonomic concomitants of conditioned fear.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

et al. 1988

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“…The changes in cardiovascular variables due to injections of the excitatory amino acids are likely to result from increased discharge of neurons with glutamate receptors on their somatodendritic membranes, but not on fibers of passage, in the immediate vicinity of the electrode tip (Curtis and Ryall, 1966;Zieglgansberger and Puil, 1973;Goodchild et al, 1982). A mechanism of action via glutamate receptor activation is supported by the ability of selective glutamate receptor blocking agents to antagonize the responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular function is altered by picomole injections of glutamate into rat medulla

et al. 1988

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Local neural circuitry in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) involved in cardiovascular control was studied by injecting nanoliter volumes of excitatory amino acids into the structure. Experiments were performed on urethane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Multibarrel micropipettes were used for pressure ejection of drugs or a dye for marking ejection sites. Ejected volumes, ranging from 200 pl to 25 nl, were directly monitored for every injection. Injections of as little as 200 fmol of L-glutamate in 200 pl into the medial and lateral NTS region rostral to the obex elicited marked, site-specific decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. The majority of these responses were eliminated by blockade of parasympathetic and sympathetic neural outflow. At sites caudal to obex, in the commissural region of the NTS, L-glutamate injections produced marked elevations in heart rate and arterial pressure which were sympathetically mediated. Responses to L- glutamate were attenuated by concurrent injection of glutamic acid diethyl ester and DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, or lidocaine. These results indicate a heterogeneity in the spatial organization of brain- stem circuitry underlying cardiovascular control that has not been previously described.

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“…Controlled microinjections of neureactive substances (Goodchild et al, 1982) into the MRF or PLS were made in order to activate cell bodies in those areas. The ability of trigeminal receptive field stimulation to induce locomotion before and after drug infusion into the PLS was also assessed since the PLS and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are similar in their anatomical distribution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to confirm the presence of neuron somata in the MRF and PLS which can produce locomotion when stimulated and to map their distribution in the brain stem, we adapted a technique for the selective activation of cell bodies by the localized injection of small quantities of putative neurotransmitters (Goodchild et al, 1982). In this paper we demonstrate that the selective activation of cell bodies in both the MRF and the PLS by a variety of neuroactive substances is effective in the initiation of locomotion in the precollicular, postmamillary decerebrate cat.…”

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confidence: 99%

Locomotion produced in mesencephalic cats by injections of putative transmitter substances and antagonists into the medial reticular formation and the pontomedullary locomotor strip

1988

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The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cells in the medial reticular formation (MRF) and the pontomedullary locomotor strip (PLS), which can induce locomotion when activated. Controlled microinjections of neuroactive substances (Goodchild et al., 1982) into the MRF or PLS were made in order to activate cell bodies in those areas. The ability of trigeminal receptive field stimulation to induce locomotion before and after drug infusion into the PLS was also assessed since the PLS and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are similar in their anatomical distribution. Experiments were performed on precollicular-postmamillary decerebrate cats walking on a treadmill. Injections of glutamic acid (GA; 500 nmol) into the MRF produced locomotion that was antagonized by infusion of glutamic acid diethyl ester into the same spot. Decreases in the current threshold for locomotion produced by electrical stimulation of the MRF were observed when the MRF was infused with either GA (40–80 nmol), DL- homocysteic acid (DL-HCA; 200 nmol), or picrotoxin (PIC; 15 nmol). Injections of GA (100 nmol), DL-HCA (700 nmol), PIC (10–50 nmol), and substance P (2 nmol) into the PLS also produced locomotion. Locomotion produced by injections of PIC into the PLS was blocked by infusion of equal amounts of muscimol or GABA. Effective PLS injection sites were all confined to the trigeminal spinal nucleus or immediately ventral and medial to this in the adjacent lateral reticular formation. Trigeminal nerve peripheral field stimulation evoked locomotion after microinjection of PIC into the PLS, although this same facial stimulus was not effective prior to drug injection. We conclude that the MRF and PLS regions of the cat brain stem contain cells that produce locomotion when chemically stimulated, and we suggest that the PLS is closely related to or synonymous with the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Furthermore, we suggest that stimulation of trigeminal afferents is analogous to stimulation of segmental afferent pathways in the production of locomotion (Sherrington, 1910; Jankowska et al., 1967; Afelt, 1970; Budakova, 1972; Grillner and Zangger, 1979).

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A method for evoking physiological responses by stimulation of cell bodies, but not axons of passage, within localized regions of the central nervous system

Cited by 384 publications

References 19 publications

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

Cardiovascular function is altered by picomole injections of glutamate into rat medulla

Locomotion produced in mesencephalic cats by injections of putative transmitter substances and antagonists into the medial reticular formation and the pontomedullary locomotor strip

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