A Method of Three‐Dimensional Location for LFEDA Combining the Time of Arrival Method and the Time Reversal Technique

Chen, Zefang; Zhang, Yang; Zheng, Dong; Zhang, Yijun; Fan, Xiangpeng; Fan, Yanfeng; Xu, Liangtao; Lyu, Weitao

doi:10.1029/2019jd030401

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Chen et al [50] provided updated TOA measurements from his study in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. The authors introduced a new 3D technique called the Low Frequency E-field Detection Array (LFEDA).…”

Section: Refmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lightning Mapping: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities

et al. 2020

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Despite the significant progress in the understanding of the phenomenon of lightning and the physics behind it, locating and mapping its occurrence remain a challenge. Such localization and mapping of very high frequency (VHF) lightning radiation sources provide a foundation for the subsequent research on predicting lightning, saving lives, and protecting valuable assets. A major technical challenge in attempting to map the sources of lightning is mapping accuracy. The three common electromagnetic radio frequencybased lightning locating techniques are magnetic direction finder, time of arrival, and interferometer (ITF). Understanding these approaches requires critically reviewing previous attempts. The performance and reliability of each method are evaluated on the basis of the mapping accuracy obtained from lightning data from different sources. In this work, we review various methods for lightning mapping. We study the approaches, describe their techniques, analyze their merits and demerits, classify them, and derive few opportunities for further research. We find that the ITF system is the most effective method and that its performance may be improved further. One approach is to improve how lightning signals are preprocessed and how noise is filtered. Signal processing can also be utilized to improve mapping accuracy by introducing methods such as wavelet transform in place of conventional cross-correlation approaches. INDEX TERMS interferometer, lightning mapping, magnetic direction finder, time of arrival.

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Section: Refmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… The enhanced compression of lightning locations between rocket triggering and IC requires different lightning case studies. [50]  The author focused on the 3D location of lightning using low frequencies and combined the TOA and TR algorithms requiring at least four stations (antennas).…”

Section: Interferometer (Itf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightning Mapping: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities

et al. 2020

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“…Interferometric mapping [1] is one method of lightning location, and the time-of-arrival (TOA) technique is another major method for lightning location. In recent decades, the TOA technique [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] has been widely used to locate lightning radiation sources. The TOA method is roughly divided into four steps, namely, signal acquisition, data preprocessing, pulse extraction and pulse matching, and solving the location and occurrence time of the radiation source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Approach of 3D Lightning Location Based on Pearson Correlation Combined with Empirical Mode Decomposition

et al. 2021

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To improve the accuracy of pulse matching and the mapping quality of lightning discharges, the Pearson correlation method combined with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is introduced for discharge electric field pulse matching. This paper uses the new method to locate the lightning channels of an intra-cloud (IC) lightning flash and a cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash and analyzes the location results for the two lightning flashes. The results show that this method has a good performance in lightning location. Compared with the pulse-peak feature matching method, the positioning results of the new method are significantly improved, which is mainly due to the much larger number of positioning points (matched pulses). The number of located radiation sources has increased by nearly a factor of seven, which can significantly improve the continuity of the lightning channel and clearly distinguish the developmental characteristics. In the CG flash, there were three negative recoil streamers in the positive leader channel. After the three negative recoil streamers were finished, taking approximately 1 ms, 12 ms, and 2 ms, respectively, the negative leader channel underwent a K-process. The three negative recoil streamers are not connected to the K-processes in the negative leader channel. We think that the three negative recoil streamers may have triggered the three K-processes, respectively.

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“…Though the TDOA method has an advantage in computation efficiency, it relies on the time accuracy of pulse peaks and fails to image many weak radiation sources [20]. In contrast, the EMTR method uses the original full signal waveform and is less sensitive to the accuracy of estimated time difference [21]. Further, after the signal is time-reversed and back-propagated, the phase can be automatically added up in the direction of the radiation source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, after the signal is time-reversed and back-propagated, the phase can be automatically added up in the direction of the radiation source. Thus, the EMTR method is expected to locate more weak sources and it can produce a more accurate location result by suppressing the noise [21]. Although the EMTR method operated in the frequency domain can image more radiation sources, it is computationally expensive for two reasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique

Sun

Liu

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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Very-high-frequency (VHF) electromagnetic signals have been well used to image lightning channels with high temporal and spatial resolution due to their capability to penetrate clouds. A lightning broadband VHF interferometer with three VHF antennas configured in a scalene-triangle shape has been installed in Lhasa since 2019, to detect the lightning VHF signals. Using the signals from the VHF interferometer, a new hybrid algorithm, called the TDOA-EMTR technique, combining the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and the electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) technique is introduced to image the two-dimensional lightning channels. The TDOA technique is firstly applied to calculate the initial solutions for the whole lightning flash. According to the results by the TDOA method, the domain used for the EMTR technique is predetermined, and then the EMTR technique is operated to obtain the final positioning result. Unlike the original EMTR technique, the low-power frequency points for each time window are removed based on the FFT spectrum. Metrics used to filter noise events are adjusted. Detailed imaging results of a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash and an intra-cloud (IC) lightning flash by the TDOA method and the TDOA-EMTR are presented. Compared with the original EMTR method, the positioning efficiency can be improved by more than a factor of 3 to 4, depending on the scope of the pre-determined domain. Results show that the new algorithm can obtain much weaker radiation sources and simultaneously occurring sources, compared with the TDOA method.

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A Method of Three‐Dimensional Location for LFEDA Combining the Time of Arrival Method and the Time Reversal Technique

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Lightning Mapping: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities

Lightning Mapping: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities

A New Approach of 3D Lightning Location Based on Pearson Correlation Combined with Empirical Mode Decomposition

A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique

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