A Milestone In Botanical Mosquito Repellents: Novel PMD-Based Formulation Protects More Than Twice As Long As High-Concentration Deet and Other Leading Products

Carroll, Scott P.; Venturino, Jeffrey; Davies, John H.

doi:10.2987/19-6824.1

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Due to the increasing insecticide resistance levels in malaria vectors, this study aimed to explore Citriodiol ® with its active ingredient PMD as a spatial repellent since it belongs to a different class of chemicals than those currently used in public health. It is a well-known topical repellent [24,25,[81][82][83][84] and has been suggested as having spatial repellent properties in a previous study [26]. However, the previous evaluation was done using electricity-powered active emanators to dispense the chemical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, neither of the two test concentrations resulted in any protection against mosquito bites, not even when the material was fixed very closely to the human volunteer on the chair (data not shown). Optimal formulation and presentation of a repellent, whether spatial or topical, is key for effectiveness [25] and further work might be warranted. For now, it remains unclear if the concentrations of chemicals released from the fabric were just too low or whether PMD does in fact not have spatial repellent properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the light of growing pyrethroid resistance it would also be desirable to search for novel active compounds. For example, Citriodiol ® sourced from Eucalyptus citriodora oil, which includes a minimum 64% para-menthane-3, 8-diol (PMD) as the active ingredient, is used in topical skin repellents [23][24][25] and has been suggested to have spatial repellent properties [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space

et al. 2021

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Background Novel malaria vector control approaches aim to combine tools for maximum protection. This study aimed to evaluate novel and re-evaluate existing putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space. Methods Anopheles arabiensis outdoor human landing catches and trap comparisons were implemented in large semi-field systems to (i) test the efficacy of Citriodiol® or transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned in house eave gaps as push components for preventing bites; (ii) understand the efficacy of MB5-baited Suna-traps in attracting vectors in the presence of a human being; (iii) assess 2-butanone as a CO2 replacement for trapping; (iv) determine the protection provided by a full push-pull set up. The air concentrations of the chemical constituents of the push–pull set-up were quantified. Results Microencapsulated Citriodiol® eave strips did not provide outdoor protection against host-seeking An. arabiensis. Transfluthrin-treated strips reduced the odds of a mosquito landing on the human volunteer (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.12–0.23). This impact was lower (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52–0.66) during the push-pull experiment, which was associated with low nighttime temperatures likely affecting the transfluthrin vaporisation. The MB5-baited Suna trap supplemented with CO2 attracted only a third of the released mosquitoes in the absence of a human being; however, with a human volunteer in the same system, the trap caught < 1% of all released mosquitoes. The volunteer consistently attracted over two-thirds of all mosquitoes released. This was the case in the absence (‘pull’ only) and in the presence of a spatial repellent (‘push-pull’), indicating that in its current configuration the tested ‘pull’ does not provide a valuable addition to a spatial repellent. The chemical 2-butanone was ineffective in replacing CO2. Transfluthrin was detectable in the air space but with a strong linear reduction in concentrations over 5 m from release. The MB5 constituent chemicals were only irregularly detected, potentially suggesting insufficient release and concentration in the air for attraction. Conclusion This step-by-step evaluation of the selected ‘push’ and ‘pull’ components led to a better understanding of their ability to affect host-seeking behaviours of the malaria vector An. arabiensis in the peri-domestic space and helps to gauge the impact such tools would have when used in the field for monitoring or control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluating putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to the increasing insecticide resistance levels in malaria vectors, this study aimed to explore Citriodiol® with its active ingredient PMD, as a spatial repellent since it belongs to a different class of chemicals than those currently used in public health. It is a well-known topical repellent (24,25,(81)(82)(83)(84) and has been suggested as having spatial repellent properties in a previous study (26). However, the previous evaluation was done using electricity-powered active emanators to dispense the chemical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimal formulation and presentation of a repellent, whether spatial or topical, is key for effectiveness (25) and further work might be warranted. For now, it remains unclear, if the concentrations of chemicals released from the fabric were just too low, or whether PMD does in fact have no spatial repellent properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Putative Repellent ‘Push’ and Attractive ‘Pull’ Components for Manipulating the Odour-orientation of Host-seeking Malaria Vectors in the Peri-domestic Space

Njoroge

Fillinger

Saddler

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Novel malaria vector control approaches aim to combine tools to work in synergy for maximum protection. This study aimed to evaluate novel and re-evaluate existing, putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour-orientation of malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space. Methods Anopheles arabiensis outdoor human landing catches and trap comparisons were implemented in large semi-field systems to (1) test the efficacy of citriodiol or transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned in house eave gaps as push components for preventing bites; (2) understand the efficacy of an MB5-baited Suna-trap in attracting vectors in the presence of a human being; (3) assess 2-butanone as a CO2 replacement for trapping; and (4) determine the protection provided by a full push-pull set up. The air-concentrations of the chemical constituents of the push-pull mosquito control tool were quantified.Results Microencapsulated citriodiol eave strips did not provide any outdoor protection against host-seeking An. arabiensis. Transfluthrin-treated strips significantly reduced the odds of a mosquito landing on the human volunteer (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.12-0.23). This impact was lower (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52-0.66) during the push-pull experiment which was associated with low night-time temperatures likely affecting the transfluthrin vaporisation. The MB5-baited Suna trap supplemented with CO2 attracted only a third of the released mosquitoes in the absence of a human being, however, with a human volunteer in the same system, the trap caught less than 1% of all released mosquitoes. The volunteer consistently attracted over two-thirds of all mosquitoes released. This was the case in the absence (‘pull’ only) and in the presence of a spatial repellent (‘push-pull’), indicating that in its current configuration the tested ‘pull’ does not provide a valuable addition to a spatial repellent. The chemical 2-butanone was ineffective in replacing CO2. Transfluthrin was detectable in the air space but with a strong linear reduction in concentrations over 5 metres from release. The MB5 constituent chemicals were only irregularly detected, potentially suggesting insufficient release and concentration in the air for attraction.Conclusion This step-by-step evaluation of the selected ‘push’ and ‘pull’ components led to a better understanding of their ability to affect host-seeking behaviours of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in the peri-domestic space and helps to gauge the impact such tools would have when used in the field for monitoring or control.

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A Combined Computational Methodology for the Discovery of Hit Compounds with Putative Insect Repellency Properties

et al. 2022

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Mosquitoes and other hematophagous arthropods, the primary vectors of multiple parasites and viruses, are responsible for the transmission of serious diseases to humans. Nowadays, the interest is focused on the development of novel repellents to the existing ones with advanced properties. The present study attempts the discovery of novel hit compounds which may evolve as insect repellents using a combined computational methodology targeting the Odorant Binding Protein 1 (OBP1). The in silico results indicated two compounds, namely coniferyl alcohol and 1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐propanol, which were further evaluated (a) in vitro for their binding affinity to AgamOBP1 and (b) in vivo using dose‐dependent repellence tests against the aggressive‐day biting Aedes albopictus. The combination of in vitro and in vivo results pointed that coniferyl alcohol and 1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐propanol exhibited high binding affinity over OBP1 with 69.4 and 84.7 nM, respectively as well as efficient repellent activity. Compounds were also tested for their dose‐dependent repellency activity in vivo against Aedes albopictus. Overall, the selected compounds can serve as scaffolds for the development of novel repellents.

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A Milestone In Botanical Mosquito Repellents: Novel PMD-Based Formulation Protects More Than Twice As Long As High-Concentration Deet and Other Leading Products

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Evaluating putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space

Evaluating putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space

Evaluating Putative Repellent ‘Push’ and Attractive ‘Pull’ Components for Manipulating the Odour-orientation of Host-seeking Malaria Vectors in the Peri-domestic Space

A Combined Computational Methodology for the Discovery of Hit Compounds with Putative Insect Repellency Properties

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