A mixed methods study of Black Girls' vulnerability to out-of-school suspensions: The intersection of race and gender

School-Related Barriers that might be Impeding Academic Success for African American Girls

“…When African American girls are disciplined for nonconforming, they receive more suspensions for these actions compared to their Latinx, Asian, and white peers [27,28]. More research is needed on the school experiences of African American girls compared to girls from other racial/ethnic groups to understand the role these experiences have on African American girls' academic achievement.…”

Black girls and the discipline gap: Exploring the early stages of the school-to-prison pipeline

“…When comparing various racial and gendered groups, Black girls still experience disproportionality. For example, Gibson et al (2019) found that although Black boys were most overrepresented, Black girls were more overrepresented in out-of-school suspension than white boys and girls, Latinx boys and girls, Asian boys and girls, and Native American girls. Annamma et al (2014) examine disproportionality to reveal that Black girls were suspended and expelled more often than white males as well as Native American, Hispanic, and white girls.…”

“…Not only has research uncovered overrepresentation of Black girls in school discipline, scholars have also explored the severity of the punishment they receive. In their study of out-ofschool suspensions, Gibson et al (2019) found that Black girls, their caregivers, and educators perceived that Black girls were more harshly disciplined than their white counterparts for the same misbehaviors. Their quantitative analyses supported these sentiments by illustrating that the average days of out-of-school suspension that Black girls received were similar to Black boys and was longer than white boys and girls (Gibson et al 2019).…”

“…In their study of out-ofschool suspensions, Gibson et al (2019) found that Black girls, their caregivers, and educators perceived that Black girls were more harshly disciplined than their white counterparts for the same misbehaviors. Their quantitative analyses supported these sentiments by illustrating that the average days of out-of-school suspension that Black girls received were similar to Black boys and was longer than white boys and girls (Gibson et al 2019). The severity of their punishment was often determined based upon the behavior they displayed warranting discipline.…”

“…Discipline research has confirmed that Black girls are most likely to be disciplined both informally and formally for subjective reasons (Annamma et al 2019;Morris 2007;Morris and Perry 2017;Wun 2016a, Wun 2016b). Quantitative and qualitative research has found that often Black girls are disciplined for actions deemed as defiant, disobedient, disrespectful, disruptive, and aggressive (Blake et al 2011;Caldera 2018;Gibson et al 2019;Morris & Perry 2017;Slate et al 2016;Wun 2016a). Blake and colleagues (2011) report that Black girls were most commonly cited for minor offenses such as defiance, improper dress, and fighting with a student.…”