A mobile form of the Henderson apparatus

Druett, H. A.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400041851

Cited by 117 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This apparatus was designed to deliver a particle size with a mass median diameter of 2.5 m and a geometric standard deviation of approximately 1.8 (28,29). The aerosol was mixed with conditioned air in the spray tube (30) and delivered to the nose of each animal via a modified veterinary anesthesia mask. Samples of the aerosol were taken using an SKC BioSampler (SKC Ltd., Dorset, United Kingdom) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (TSI Instruments Ltd., Bucks, United Kingdom); these processes were controlled and monitored using the AeroMP management platform (Biaera Technologies LLC, Maryland, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence of Pathogenic Events in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus

Tree

Hall

Pearson

et al. 2015

J Virol

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To evaluate new vaccines when human efficacy studies are not possible, the FDA's "Animal Rule" requires well-characterized models of infection. Thus, in the present study, the early pathogenic events of monkeypox infection in nonhuman primates, a surrogate for variola virus infection, were characterized. Cynomolgus macaques were exposed to aerosolized monkeypox virus (10 5 PFU). Clinical observations, viral loads, immune responses, and pathological changes were examined on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 postchallenge. Viral DNA (vDNA) was detected in the lungs on day 2 postchallenge, and viral antigen was detected, by immunostaining, in the epithelium of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar walls. Lesions comprised rare foci of dysplastic and sloughed cells in respiratory bronchioles. By day 4, vDNA was detected in the throat, tonsil, and spleen, and monkeypox antigen was detected in the lung, hilar and submandibular lymph nodes, spleen, and colon. Lung lesions comprised focal epithelial necrosis and inflammation. Body temperature peaked on day 6, pox lesions appeared on the skin, and lesions, with positive immunostaining, were present in the lung, tonsil, spleen, lymph nodes, and colon. By day 8, vDNA was present in 9/13 tissues. Blood concentrations of interleukin 1ra (IL-1ra), IL-6, and gamma interferon (IFN-␥) increased markedly. By day 10, circulating IgG antibody concentrations increased, and on day 12, animals showed early signs of recovery. These results define early events occurring in an inhalational macaque monkeypox infection model, supporting its use as a surrogate model for human smallpox. IMPORTANCEBioterrorism poses a major threat to public health, as the deliberate release of infectious agents, such smallpox or a related virus, monkeypox, would have catastrophic consequences. The development and testing of new medical countermeasures, e.g., vaccines, are thus priorities; however, tests for efficacy in humans cannot be performed because it would be unethical and field trials are not feasible. To overcome this, the FDA may grant marketing approval of a new product based upon the "Animal Rule," in which interventions are tested for efficacy in well-characterized animal models. Monkeypox virus infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) presents a potential surrogate disease model for smallpox. Previously, the later stages of monkeypox infection were defined, but the early course of infection remains unstudied. Here, the early pathogenic events of inhalational monkeypox infection in NHPs were characterized, and the results support the use of this surrogate model for testing human smallpox interventions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence of Pathogenic Events in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus

Tree

Hall

Pearson

et al. 2015

J Virol

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“…Control experiments showed that Antifoam was not detrimental to either the bacterial culture or the animals. The aerosol was conditioned in a modified Henderson apparatus (Druett, 1969). Sixty-five barrierreared, female, 6-8-week-old BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories) were placed in a nose-only exposure chamber and exposed for 10 min to a dynamic aerosol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental aerogenic Burkholderia mallei (glanders) infection in the BALB/c mouse

Lever

Nelson

Ireland

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Aerosols were generated with a 3-jet Collison nebulizer into a Henderson apparatus, modified to operate over a range of relative humidity values (Druett, 1969), and stored in a 55 1 rotating drum (Goldberg et al 1958). Samples were recovered from aerosols for 1 min, using raised impingers with a flow rate of 10-5 1/min (May & Harper, 1957).…”

Section: Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of virulentLegionella pneumophilain aerosols

Hambleton

Broster²,

Dennis

et al. 1983

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYAqueous suspensions of virulent Legionella pneumophila grown on solid medium retained virulence and aerosol survival characteristics for several months. Significant numbers of viable organisms were recovered from aerosols held at various relative humidities (r.h.) for up to 2 h. The organisms survived best at 65% r.h. and were least stable at 55 % r.h.Exponential phase broth-grown organisms survived poorly in aerosols in comparison with stationary phase broth cultures or organisms grown on solid medium, suggesting that the metabolic status of Legionella pneumophila organisms may be an important factor affecting their ability to survive in aerosols and cause respiratory disease.

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A mobile form of the Henderson apparatus

Cited by 117 publications

References 8 publications

Sequence of Pathogenic Events in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus

Sequence of Pathogenic Events in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus

Experimental aerogenic Burkholderia mallei (glanders) infection in the BALB/c mouse

Survival of virulentLegionella pneumophilain aerosols

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