A model-ready emission inventory for crop residue open burning in the context of Nepal

Das, Bhupendra; Bhave, Prakash V.; Puppala, Siva Praveen; Shakya, Kiran; Maharjan, Bijaya; Byanju, Rejina Maskey

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115069

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This generic emissions equation has been found to be inadequate for quantifying crop residue emissions since BA (often severely underestimated) is the primary input variable [e.g. 46 , 47 ]. Finally, this analysis also highlights the importance of including subject and, in particular, local experts in both the creation of policy documents and within scientific studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and political implications of underestimated cropland burning in Ukraine

Hall

Zibtsev

Giglio

et al. 2021

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Open burning is illegal in Ukraine, yet Ukraine has, on average, 300 times more fire activity per year (2001–2019) than most European countries. In 2016 and 2017, 47% of Ukraine was identified as cultivated area, with a total of 70% of land area dedicated to agricultural use. Over 57% of all active fires in Ukraine detected using space-borne Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) during 2016 and 2017 were associated with pre-planting field clearing and post-harvest crop residue removal, meaning that the majority of these fires are preventable. Due to the small size and transient nature of cropland burns, satellite-based burned area (BA) estimates are often underestimated. Moreover, traditional spectral-based BA algorithms are not suitable for distinguishing burned from plowed fields, especially in the black soil regions of Ukraine. Therefore, we developed a method to estimate agricultural BA by calibrating VIIRS active fire data with exhaustively mapped cropland reference areas (42 958 fields). Our study found that cropland BA was significantly underestimated (by 30%–63%) in the widely used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-based MCD64A1 BA product, and by 95%–99.9% in Ukraine’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Although crop residue burns are smaller and emit far less emissions than larger wildfires, reliable monitoring of crop residue burning has a number of important benefits, including (a) improving regional air quality models and the subsequent understanding of human health impacts due to the proximity of crop residue burns to urban locations, (b) ensuring an accurate representation of predominantly smaller fires in regional emission inventories, and (c) increasing awareness of often illegal managed open burning to provide improved decision-making support for policy and resource managers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and political implications of underestimated cropland burning in Ukraine

Hall

Zibtsev

Giglio

et al. 2021

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…FGDs also reveal that farmers in Nawalparasi and some parts of Rupandehi have started to use straw choppers with the straw being primarily used for animal feed. This could be a potential mitigation measure that can decrease the incidence of burning which has also been suggested by Das et al [34]. Hence, encouraging an integrated farming method involving livestock would be a viable option to consider for mitigation.…”

Section: Raising Livestock-mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…It is therefore vital to address this issue by promoting alternate ways of disposing the crop residues like in-situ utilization as mulch, using it as raw materials for industries like brick kilns, paper production, mushroom cultivation, etc. and for alternative energy production like bio-briquette, pellets [34,35].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of crop residue burning practice in the Terai region of Nepal

2021

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The open burning of agricultural crop residue is a key environmental issue facing the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, the Indo-Gangetic plain in particular. There is a varying intensity in the incidence of open agricultural burning in this region, and multiple drivers that determine why farmers in this region decide to burn their crop residues. While there have been research studies conducted for other countries in the region, research into the determinants of crop-burning in the Nepalese context is missing. Using primary data from a survey of 388 farming households across three districts of the Nepal Terai―Nawalparasi, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu―applying a recursive bivariate probit model, this study seeks to find out what drives the Nepalese farmers to burn their crop residue instead of using them in a sustainable manner and suggest policy recommendations for mitigation. Our findings show that the major determining factors that influence the farmers’ behavior in Nepal are livestock ownership, combine harvester use and awareness level of the farmers. While the effects of crop residue burning is transboundary in nature, the mitigation measures require to be region specific. Based on the findings, the study proposes raising livestock, using technology like Happy Seeders or upgrade the combine harvesters, raising awareness and changing perception of farmers, and promoting alternative uses of crop residue as viable mitigation measures.

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“…There are several reasons for the pronounced disease burden in these regions. First, the burning of coal, disposal of agricultural residue, and increasing number of vehicles and industrial factories in countries with lower SDI have led to an increase in ambient PM 2.5 pollution ( 29 – 31 ). Second, compared with developed countries, the high population and limited medical support in lower SDI countries can help to interpret the higher mortality of respiratory diseases ( 32 , 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Burden of Respiratory Diseases Attributable to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Song

Lin

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Background: Exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) is a global health issue that directly affects the human respiratory system. Thus, we estimated the spatiotemporal trends in the burden of APMP-related respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2019.Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, data on the burden of APMP-related respiratory diseases were analyzed by age, sex, cause, and location. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyze the temporal trends in the burden of different respiratory diseases over the 30 years.Results: Globally, in 2019, APMP contributed the most to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with 695.1 thousand deaths and 15.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); however, the corresponding age-standardized death and DALY rates declined from 1990 to 2019. Similarly, although age-standardized death and DALY rates since 1990 decreased by 24% and 40%, respectively, lower respiratory infections (LRIs) still had the second highest number of deaths and DALYs attributable to APMP. This was followed by tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer, which showed increased age-standardized death and DALY rates during the past 30 years and reached 3.78 deaths per 100,000 persons and 84.22 DALYs per 100,000 persons in 2019. Among children aged < 5 years, LRIs had a huge burden attributable to APMP, whereas for older people, COPD was the leading cause of death and DALYs attributable to APMP. The APMP-related burdens of LRIs and COPD were relatively higher among countries with low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI), while countries with high-middle SDI showed the highest burden of TBL cancer attributable to APMP.Conclusions: APMP contributed substantially to the global burden of respiratory diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Effective actions aimed at air pollution can potentially avoid an increase in the PM2.5-associated disease burden, especially in highly polluted areas.

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A model-ready emission inventory for crop residue open burning in the context of Nepal

Cited by 23 publications

References 51 publications

Environmental and political implications of underestimated cropland burning in Ukraine

Environmental and political implications of underestimated cropland burning in Ukraine

Determinants of crop residue burning practice in the Terai region of Nepal

Global Burden of Respiratory Diseases Attributable to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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