A Modified Delphi Involving Laboratory Faculty to Define Essential Skills for Pharmacy Graduates

Frenzel, Jeanne E.; Nuziale, Brandon T.; Bradley, Courtney L.; Ballou, Jordan M.; Begley, Kimberley; Donohoe, Krista L.; Riley, Brittany

doi:10.5688/ajpe848114

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Skills labs are courses designed with the intent to provide students an opportunity to strengthen their skill development and apply knowledge learned through their coursework. 4 Moreover, skills labs provide a curricular structure for embedded performance-based assessments to demonstrate student achievement of educational outcomes, as well as propagate data for programmatic assessment. 5 In 2015, a group of skills lab faculty surveyed APPE preceptors from the United States regarding essential skills for pharmacy graduates.…”

Section: What Does the Literature Say About Essential Skills?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more recent study by Frenzel and colleagues focused on developing a list of laboratory-focused items that could be taught and assessed in the skills lab to ensure graduates were practice ready in the areas of community pharmacy, health-system pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy, and managed care pharmacy. 4 The authors mapped the identified items to Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) domains. 7 Furthermore, Bellottie and colleagues in 2018 reviewed published literature, activities, and assessment methods that could be adapted and implemented in practice laboratory courses to achieve the abilities outlined within the Pre-APPE Core Domains, as well as serve as a resource for skills lab faculty who want to create or make improvements to their skills lab coursework.…”

Section: What Does the Literature Say About Essential Skills?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating a Skills Laboratory Curriculum to Determine the Essential Skills for Pharmacy Students to Learn

Porter

McKeirnan

Bottenberg

2022

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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The profession of pharmacy is complex and diverse, encompassing a wide range of skills necessary in practice. Skills laboratory course faculty must determine which skills are essential for students and how these skills should be taught and assessed. This commentary aims to further the discussion on how the essential skills taught and assessed in skills laboratory curricula are identified, with the intention of preparing student pharmacists for both current and future pharmacy practice. Guidance on essential skills is provided by various organizations and documents, but ultimately each institution has the autonomy to decide what to teach. The importance of frequent curriculum evaluation is discussed in order to train the pharmacists of the future who practice at the top of their license rather than simply meeting competency with historical skills.

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Section: What Does the Literature Say About Essential Skills?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Does the Literature Say About Essential Skills?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating a Skills Laboratory Curriculum to Determine the Essential Skills for Pharmacy Students to Learn

Porter

McKeirnan

Bottenberg

2022

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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“…5 Accuracy checks are an essential skill for all compounding personnel in the United States, and a need to prepare pharmacy graduates to accurately check a medication prior to dispensing has been identified. 1,6 The requirements for accuracy checks are determined by USP 797 and include accuracy of labels, volume, and quantities of drug products or ingredients used for preparing the CSP before dispensing from the pharmacy. 1 Proper sterile compounding processes, including accuracy checks, are necessary to avoid potentially fatal medication errors occurring during the compounding process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching and Assessing Pharmacy Students on Sterile Compounding Accuracy Checks

Wisniewski

2023

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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Objective: Accuracy checks are required by United States Pharmacopeia Chapter <797> to ensure patient safety when dispensing compounded sterile products (CSP). Despite the importance of this task, reports of training pharmacy students to perform CSP accuracy checks are lacking. This study aimed to (1) report a method for teaching CSP accuracy checks to students and (2) determine if increased content time and intentional focus on this skill would improve student performance in a simulated hospital environment. Methods: The laboratory teaching team identified the six most common types of errors in CSP accuracy checks. Student performance regarding these six errors and competency grades of final accuracy checks were compared between the Fall 2019 and Fall 2020 semesters. Results: Students had better overall performance on the accuracy checks competency in Fall 2019 versus Fall 2020, but students performed substantially better on the remediation in Fall 2020 versus Fall 2019. In each semester, students had different errors commonly missed during the first and second attempts. Conclusion: Despite enhanced teaching content and the incorporation of practice testing, students performed worse in Fall 2020 than Fall 2019. This effect could have been explained, in part, by the virtual environment required during the COVID-19 pandemic. To improve student performance, continued improvement in teaching methods and a restructured remediation process is needed.

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“…Gupta et al 8 noted that only 15 schools use technology-based DUR simulations to train and assess students on this topic, despite the fact that conducting DUR was identified as an essential skill for the patient care provider domain. 9 It was noted that tool validation, more robust student feedback, and incorporation of technology into DUR training are critical areas for improvement. 8 To date, few relevant and recent articles have been published that discuss or outline guidance for DUR education.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching Independent Decision-Making Through a Computer-Based Drug Utilization Review Simulation

Peddi

Eukel

Meyer

et al. 2023

Journal of Pharmacy Technology

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Background: Drug utilization review (DUR) skills are important for pharmacists across all settings. Computer-based DUR simulations to teach student pharmacists are currently scarce. This article describes a computer-based DUR simulation that required limited faculty and financial resources and was implemented in collaboration among 3 institutions. Objective: To describe the innovation of a computer-based DUR simulation and its impact on pharmacy students’ knowledge and confidence of DUR skills. Methods: This pre-post educational study assessed a computer-based DUR simulation that replicated the DUR process in dispensing systems. First- and third-year pharmacy students at 3 institutions were guided through simulated patient cases with various medication-related problems. The self-paced activity provided students with immediate, formative feedback and rationale for each option after an attempt was made in lieu of faculty intervention. Students completed pre-and post-assessments to evaluate changes in knowledge and confidence. Knowledge was assessed by comparing results of multiple choice and matching questions on the pre- and post-assessments. Confidence was assessed by the change in self-reported confidence scale measurements. Results: Students at all institutions (N = 405) had nonsignificant changes in knowledge scores from the pre-assessment to the post-assessment, with the exception of 1 question. All confidence survey questions significantly improved from pre- to post-assessment. Conclusion: The DUR educational innovation had a nonsignificant overall impact on students’ knowledge but significantly improved confidence in their abilities. Skills-based instruction provides additional practice to increase student confidence.

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A Modified Delphi Involving Laboratory Faculty to Define Essential Skills for Pharmacy Graduates

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Evaluating a Skills Laboratory Curriculum to Determine the Essential Skills for Pharmacy Students to Learn

Evaluating a Skills Laboratory Curriculum to Determine the Essential Skills for Pharmacy Students to Learn

Teaching and Assessing Pharmacy Students on Sterile Compounding Accuracy Checks

Teaching Independent Decision-Making Through a Computer-Based Drug Utilization Review Simulation

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