A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae and Gloniaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes) with keys to world species

Abstract

A reappraisal of the phylogenetic integrity of bitunicate ascomycete fungi belonging to or previously affiliated with the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae, Gloniaceae and Patellariaceae is presented, based on an analysis of 121 isolates and four nuclear genes, the ribosomal large and small subunits, transcription elongation factor 1 and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. A geographically diverse and high density taxon sampling strategy was employed, including multiple isolates/species from the following genera: Anteaglonium (6/4), Encephalographa (1/1), Farlowiella (3/1), Gloniopsis (8/4), Glonium (4/2), Hysterium (12/5), Hysterobrevium (14/3), Hysterographium (2/1), Hysteropatella (2/2), Lophium (4/2), Mytilinidion (13/10), Oedohysterium (5/3), Ostreichnion (2/2), Patellaria (1/1), Psiloglonium (11/3), Quasiconcha (1/1), Rhytidhysteron (8/3), and 24 outgroup taxa. Sequence data indicate that although the Hysteriales are closely related to the Pleosporales, sufficient branch support exists for their separation into separate orders within the Pleosporomycetidae. The Mytilinidiales are more distantly related within the subclass and show a close association with the Gloniaceae. Although there are examples of concordance between morphological and molecular data, these are few. Molecular data instead support the premise of a large number of convergent evolutionary lineages, which do not correspond to previously held assumptions of synapomorphy relating to spore morphology. Thus, within the Hysteriaceae, the genera Gloniopsis, Glonium, Hysterium and Hysterographium are highly polyphyletic. This necessitated the transfer of two species of Hysterium to Oedohysterium gen. nov. (Od. insidens comb. nov. and Od. sinense comb. nov.), the description of a new species, Hysterium barrianum sp. nov., and the transfer of two species of Gloniopsis to Hysterobrevium gen. nov. (Hb. smilacis comb. nov. and Hb. constrictum comb. nov.). While Hysterographium, with the type Hg. fraxini, is removed from the Hysteriaceae, some of its species remain within the family, transferred here to Oedohysterium (Od. pulchrum comb. nov.), Hysterobrevium (Hb. mori comb. nov.) and Gloniopsis (Gp. subrugosa comb. nov.); the latter genus, in addition to the type, Gp. praelonga, with two new species, Gp. arciformis sp. nov. and Gp. kenyensis sp. nov. The genus Glonium is now divided into Anteaglonium (Pleosporales), Glonium (Gloniaceae), and Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae). The hysterothecium has evolved convergently no less than five times within the Pleosporomycetidae (e.g., Anteaglonium, Farlowiella, Glonium, Hysterographium and the Hysteriaceae). Similarly, thin-walled mytilinidioid (e.g., Ostreichnion) and patellarioid (e.g., Rhytidhysteron) genera, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae and Patellariaceae, respectively, transferred here to the Hysteriaceae, have also evolved at least twice within the subclass. As such, character states traditionally considered to represent synapomorphies among these f...

Brazilian Semi-Arid Ascomycetes I: new and interesting records of hysteriaceous ascomycetes

“…Later the species possessing laterally compressed ascomata with an evaginated slit (mytilinidioid forms) were placed in a separate family, Mytilinidiaceae (Barr 1990a). However, phylogenetic studies based on DNA and amino acid sequence data revealed that the hysterothecium evolved several times within Pleosporomycetidae (Boehm et al 2009a;Boehm et al 2009b). Although these studies supported the classification of Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidaceae in their own orders, Hysteriales and Mytiliniales, respectively, they also revealed the existence of a distinct lineage possessing dichotomously branched hysterothecia that are laterally anastomosed along their length and occur on a conspicuous subiculum to which the family Gloniaceae incertae sedis was erected (Boehm et al 2009b).…”

“…Zogg (1962) accepted six species in his account of the genus with an additional seven species later added (Joshi & Patwardhan 1971;Sivanesan et al 1988;Pande & Rao 1991;Steinke & Hyde 1997;Checa et al 2007). Since the size of the ascospores of many species of Gloniella are identical or nearly so, Steinke & Hyde (1997) and Boehm et al (2009a) suggested that many species may be conspecific. Two species considered doubtful by Zogg (1962) were recognized by Barr (2009), G. abietina Syd and G. lapponica (P.…”

“…Although these studies supported the classification of Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidaceae in their own orders, Hysteriales and Mytiliniales, respectively, they also revealed the existence of a distinct lineage possessing dichotomously branched hysterothecia that are laterally anastomosed along their length and occur on a conspicuous subiculum to which the family Gloniaceae incertae sedis was erected (Boehm et al 2009b). Other genera with hysterothecia such as Farlowiella and Hysterographium were classified as Pleosporomycetidae incertae sedis (Boehm et al 2009a;Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009), and the new family Anteagloniaceae was proposed for Anteaglonium in Pleosporales (Hyde et al 2013).…”

“…Ascospores ellipsoid or clavate, straight, pigmented, smooth, with 4-5 transverse septa and one longitudinal septum usually associated with mid-cells and sometimes present obliquely in end cells, 15-20.5 × 6-7 µm. Asexual state: Aposphaeria-like (Boehm et al 2009a). Notes -Hysterobrevium was recently erected by Boehm et al (2009a) to accommodate three species transferred from other genera based on molecular analyses.…”

“…Asexual state: Aposphaeria-like (Boehm et al 2009a). Notes -Hysterobrevium was recently erected by Boehm et al (2009a) to accommodate three species transferred from other genera based on molecular analyses. Hysterobrevium mori (type species) was transferred from Hysterographium, while H. smilacis (Schwein.)…”