A multi-analyte LC–MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones in hair: Application to postmortem cases

Freni, Francesca; Bianco, Sara; Vignali, Claudia; Groppi, Angelo; Moretti, Matteo; Osculati, Antonio Marco Maria; Morini, Luca

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.036

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Generally, the analytical methodology consisted of the following steps: hair decontamination from external contaminants, hair digestion or pulverization and analytes extraction from a hair amount ranging between 10−100 mg. The hair decontamination procedures used were washing with: (i) organic solvents, such as methanol [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 ], ethanol [ 35 ], acetone [ 19 , 22 , [25] , [26] , [27] , 37 , 38 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 57 , 61 , 63 ], hexane [ 27 ], petroleum ether [ 41 , 49 ], dichloromethane [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , 33 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 48 , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [58] , [59] , [60] , 62 ], isopropanol [ 23 , 28 ], isooctane [ 38 , 52 ]; (ii) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution [ 35 , …”

Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytes’ extraction from hair, which followed hair digestion or pulverization, was achieved by either single step methanol extraction [ 20 , 25 , 27 , 43 , 44 , 47 , [49] , [50] , [51] , 53 , 56 , [58] , [59] , [60] , 62 ], or acidified methanol extraction [ 19 , 21 , 32 , 49 ], or ethanol extraction [ 41 ], or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with various mixtures of organic solvents [ 22 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 55 , 61 , 63 ], or extraction with aqueous buffers of organic solvents (methanol/ acetonitrile/ ammonium formate) [ 26 ], or (methanol/ acetonitrile/ trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) [ 37 ] or (methanol/ TFA) [ 38 ] or (methanol/ acetonitrile/ ammonium acetate) [ 57 ], or solid phase extraction (SPE) on various cartridges [ 24 , 29 , 31 , 52 , 54 ] or mixed-mode solid phase extraction (MSPE) [ 33 , 34 ] or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [ 23 , 28 , 35 ], assisted in many cases by mild heat of the samples [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , 25 , 26 , 29 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 40 , ...…”

Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

Florou

Boumba

2021

Toxicology Reports

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Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extraction and Detection Methods For The Determination Of Nps In Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

Florou

Boumba

2021

Toxicology Reports

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“…Both SCs were first identified in 2014 in material seized in the Japanese illegal drug market or for sale over the Internet [4,5]. α-PHP was recently involved in several combined drug intoxication fatalities [6][7][8][9][10]. All the cases involved the co-ingestion of other SCs, mainly α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and 3 ,4 -methylenedioxy-αpyrrolidinohexiophenone (MDPHP), or often opiates and/or benzodiazepines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to α-PHP can be determined through the detection of parent drugs in biological specimens [6][7][8][9]. α-PHP has been quantified in post-mortem cases with concentrations ranging from 4 to 52 ng/mL in blood [6,7], 5.6 ng/mL in urine [9], 3.5 to 83.3 ng/g in tis-sues [9], and 4700 pg/mg in hair [8]. Although α-PHP was not the primary cause of death in these cases, active and toxic concentrations are expected to be low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrrolidinyl Synthetic Cathinones α-PHP and 4F-α-PVP Metabolite Profiling Using Human Hepatocyte Incubations

Carlier

Diao

Giorgetti

et al. 2020

IJMS

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For more than ten years, new synthetic cathinones (SCs) mimicking the effects of controlled cocaine-like stimulants have flooded the illegal drug market, causing numerous intoxications and fatalities. There are often no data on the pharmacokinetics of these substances when they first emerge onto the market. However, the detection of SC metabolites is often critical in order to prove consumption in clinical and forensic settings. In this research, the metabolite profile of two pyrrolidinyl SCs, α-pyrrolidinohexaphenone (α-PHP) and 4′′-fluoro-α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (4F-α-PVP), were characterized to identify optimal intake markers. Experiments were conducted using pooled human hepatocyte incubations followed by liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and data-mining software. We suggest α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl, α-PHP hexanol, α-PHP 2′-keto-pyrrolidinyl-hexanol, and α-PHP 2′-keto-pyrrolidinyl as markers of α-PHP use, and 4F-α-PVP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl, 4F-α-PVP hexanol, 4F-α-PVP 2′-keto-pyrrolidinyl-hexanol, and 4F-α-PVP 2′-keto-pyrrolidinyl as markers of 4F-α-PVP use. These results represent the first data available on 4F-α-PVP metabolism. The metabolic fate of α-PHP was previously studied using human liver microsomes and urine samples from α-PHP users. We identified an additional major metabolite (α-PHP dihydroxy-pyrrolidinyl) that might be crucial for documenting exposure to α-PHP. Further experiments with suitable analytical standards, which are yet to be synthesized, and authentic specimens should be conducted to confirm these results.

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“…Hair analysis can detect chronic drug exposure depending on the available hair length. For some drugs, a single dose may also be detected [1–3]. Given an average growth rate of 1 cm per month, each cm of hair strand allows estimating drug exposure for 1 month.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of furosemide in hair in a post‐mortem case by UHPLC‐MS/MS with guidance on interpretation

Gheddar

Batt²,

Raul

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Testing for drugs in hair raises several difficulties. Among them is the interpretation of the final concentration(s). In a post-mortem case, analyses revealed the presence of furosemide (12 ng/mL) in femoral blood, although it was not part of the victim's treatment. The prosecutor requested our laboratory to undertake an additional analysis in hair to obtain information about the use of furosemide. A specific method was therefore developed and validated to identify and quantify furosemide in hair by UHPLC-MS/MS. After decontamination of 30 mg of hair, incubation in acidic condition, extraction with ethyl acetate, the samples were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Furosemide was found in the victim's hair at 225 pg/mg. However, it was not possible to interpret this concentration due to the absence of data in the literature. Therefore, the authors performed a controlled study in two parts. In order to establish the basis of interpretation, several volunteers were tested (four after a single 20 mg administration and twenty-four under daily treatment). The first part indicated that a single dose is not detectable in hair using our method. The second part demonstrated concentrations ranging from 5 to 1110 pg/mg with no correlation between dosage and hair concentrations. The decedent's hair result was interpreted as repeated exposures. In the case of furosemide analysis, hair can provide information about its presence but cannot give information about dosage or frequency of use.

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A multi-analyte LC–MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones in hair: Application to postmortem cases

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community?

Pyrrolidinyl Synthetic Cathinones α-PHP and 4F-α-PVP Metabolite Profiling Using Human Hepatocyte Incubations

Identification of furosemide in hair in a post‐mortem case by UHPLC‐MS/MS with guidance on interpretation

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