Abstract:Varicose veins are a very common condition and have been the subject of a recent proliferation of treatment modalities. The advent of the endovenous treatment era has led to a confusing array of different techniques which can be daunting when making the transition from traditional surgery. All modalities offer excellent results in the right situation and each has their own treatment profile. Thermal ablation techniques have matured and have a reassuring and reliable outcome, but the arrival of non-thermal techniques has delivered further options for both patient and surgeon. This article provides an overview of the different treatment devices and modalities available to the modern superficial vein surgeon and details the currently available evidence and summation analysis to help surgeons to make an appropriate treatment choice for their patients.
Keywords:Endovenous ablation, varicose veins, venous disease, radiofrequency, sclerotherapy, cyanoacrylate Page 1 of 24 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ang Angiology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
IntroductionVaricose veins are a common condition affecting up to one-third of the population, with detrimental effects on the quality of life (QoL).
1-2Until the past decade, the traditional technique of saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal ligation with or without vein stripping has been the gold standard treatment of truncal saphenous incompetence. This usually necessitates either general or regional anaesthesia. 3 Although surgery provides good outcomes, it is associated with ecchymosis, hematoma, tenderness, 4 infection, nerve injury, delayed return to normal activity 3-5 and routinely necessitates narcotic analgesia.
3In response to the need for less invasive treatment, endovenous treatments, namely radio-frequency ablation (RFA) and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) have been developed. These have led to a reduction in morbidity compared with open surgery, 4-6 by reducing postoperative pain, providing faster recovery time, improving QoL and lowering complication rates.
7-8More recently, new non-thermal, non-tumescent (NTNTs) treatments have been developed to overcome the shortcomings associated with thermal ablation. Both thermal and non-thermal treatments are discussed in this review.
Thermal-Tumescent Ablative ManagementSince 1999, endovenous thermal ablation, in the form of RFA and EVLA have been developed. More recently, endovenous microwave ablation (EMA) and steam vein sclerosis (SVS) have also been introduced. Their mechanism of action involves using heat to cause thermal damage to the venous wall.
Radio-frequency ablation (RFA)The practice of RFA utilizes radio-frequency waves to produce thermal energy (85-120°C) resulting in endothelial damage and sealing of the incompetent vein ( Figure 1). In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved RFA for...