A multi-criteria system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under uncertainties

Optimization on fresh outdoor air ratio of air conditioning system with stratum ventilation for both targeted indoor air quality and maximal energy saving

“…validated by the developers (e.g., Type 666 for the chiller, Type 742 for the constant speed pump in the primary chilled water loop, Type 741 for the variable speed pump in the secondary chilled water loop, Type 744 for the ventilation fan), which are the same as those in previous studies[12,[67][68][69][70][71][72]. The energy consumption of the chiller is calculated from Equations 8-12, and the energy consumptions of the pumps and fans are estimated using Equations 13 and 14 respectively[71][72][73].…”

Design optimization and optimal control of grid-connected and standalone nearly/net zero energy buildings

“…In order to compare the capability and effectiveness between the single objective optimization and multi-objectives optimization methods, Lu et al [5] presents a comparison study on two design optimization methods, i.e. single objective optimization using GA and multiobjectives optimization using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II), for optimal designing the renewable energy systems in buildings to minimize the total cost, CO 2 emissions and the stress on the power grid.…”

“…Therefore, four different nZEB definitions are proposed by them, including site nZEB, source nZEB, emissions nZEB and cost nZEB. Although there is no global or universally-agreed definition of nZEB at present, a net zero energy building is commonly regards as a building in which the annual electricity consumption equals to its annual electricity generation [5,27,[30][31][32].…”

“…Nearly/net zero energy buildings (nZEBs), an innovative concept for sustainable buildings, has attracted increasing attentions, which is regarded as a mean to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. By applying energy sufficiency measures and the integration of renewable energy systems in buildings, it is possible to achieve the target of nearly/net zero energy balance and maintain a sustainable, healthy and grid-friendly building [4][5][6].…”

Drivers of moderate increase in cooling energy use in residential buildings in Hong Kong

“…availability of materials), which must be decoupled to quantify the trend behaviour. To avoid mean-bias, Sun et al and Mauro et al proposed the use of the Monte Carlo analysis [38,39]. In Monte Carlo analysis, the longrun and short-run components can be randomly approximated with an independent probability function for generation of a family of distributions until the best distribution can be obtained for the available data set.…”