“…Different from a simple graph, multigraph allows multiple edges between two nodes. In deep learning, multigraph has been applied in different domains, including clustering [48,43,23], medical image processing [42,83,2], traffic flow prediction [44,84], activity recognition [68], recommendation system [69], and cross-domain adaptation [59]. In this paper, we construct the multigraph to enable isolated nodes and reduce the training time in cross-silo federated learning.…”