“…Some of the first work in applying immune system paradigms was undertaken in the area of fault diagnosis [25]. Later work applied immune system paradigms to the field of computer security [13,27,38], which seemed to act as a catalyst for further investigation of the immune system as a metaphor in many areas, such as anomaly detection [20,40], pattern recognition [3,6,41], and optimization [8,10,11,[17][18][19]28,29,36,42,46]. The first immune optimization algorithm may be the work of Fukuda et al [15] that included an abstraction of clonal selection to solve computational problems [16].…”