“…Based on the above research, this article proposes the use of a relative semantic image to organize and manage the relative semantics of landmarks in pedestrian navigation. From the perspective of implementation, the model incorporates essential and easily quantified information, such as relative distance, relative orientation, visibility, visual, semantic, structural significance, etc., but does not include personal dimensions (Nuhn & Timpf, 2017), such as route and survey knowledge, which are not easily measured and need to be adjusted to specific individuals.…”