“…In recent years, with the rapid development of intelligent optimization algorithms, more and more scholars are using it to solve ED problems (Niu et al, 2014;Dou and Qin, 2020). grey wolf optimization (GWO) (Singh and Dhillon, 2019), sailfish algorithm (SFA) (Li et al, 2021), fireworks algorithm (FWA) (Zare et al, 2021), whale optimization algorithm (WOA) (Medani et al, 2018), artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) (Hassan et al, 2020), ant colony optimization (ACO) (Zhou et al, 2017), social spider algorithm (SSA) (Adhvaryyu and Adhvaryyu, 2020), marine predator algorithm (MPA) (Pan et al, 2021), ant lion optimizer (ALO) (Mouassa et al, 2017), bat algorithm (BA) (Rugema et al, 2021), and other optimization algorithms have been applied to the solution of ED problems. Ref.…”