1999
DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.9.1837
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A multihit, multistage model of chemical carcinogenesis

Abstract: Carcinogenesis involves the accumulation of genetic changes within a single cell. Tumor promotion functions in the initial clonal expansion of an initiated cell but is generally not considered to influence later stages. To investigate whether tumor promotion can influence later stages of carcinogenesis we developed a two-hit 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (D) protocol designed to enrich for keratinocytes that contain at least two D-induced genetic alterations. FVB/N mice were initiated with D and promoted wit… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…Accordingly, we used a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol of single exposure to the mutagen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) followed by repeated application of the inflammation-inducing phorphol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), where lesions can be followed from premalignant papilloma formation to progression to carcinoma (12). Although the effects of PMA are pleiotropic, that its proinflammatory effects are crucial to tumor promotion is well supported by several major lines of evidence, most notably genetic (13,14) and pharmaceutical (15,16) manipulation of the arachidonic acid/cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway of inflammation induction.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accordingly, we used a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol of single exposure to the mutagen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) followed by repeated application of the inflammation-inducing phorphol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), where lesions can be followed from premalignant papilloma formation to progression to carcinoma (12). Although the effects of PMA are pleiotropic, that its proinflammatory effects are crucial to tumor promotion is well supported by several major lines of evidence, most notably genetic (13,14) and pharmaceutical (15,16) manipulation of the arachidonic acid/cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway of inflammation induction.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[7][8][9] Various tumor-suppressor genes are lost and oncogenes activated at different stages of tumor development. The time when each mutation occur may determine the differences in tumor biological behavior, can influence the rate of subsequent mutation acquisition, characterize phenotypic variability of the cancer type and help to distinguish preneoplastic conditions from cancer.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The time when each mutation occur may determine the differences in tumor biological behavior, can influence the rate of subsequent mutation acquisition, characterize phenotypic variability of the cancer type and help to distinguish preneoplastic conditions from cancer. [7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that two neoplasms with essentially the same mutational profile but acquired at a different time should behave in a different manner with respect to neoplastic features. In addition, molecular findings may assume greater importance as gene specific therapy is introduced and increasingly used for cancer treatment.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…21 Female FVB/N mice, 6 to 8-week-old, were shaved with electric clippers on their dorsal sides and flanks, and received 1 topical application of 200 nmol DMBA in 200 ll acetone. After passage of 1 week, the mice were treated topically twice a week for a period of 6 weeks with 5 nmol TPA in 200 ll acetone.…”
Section: Induction Of Skin Tumorsmentioning
confidence: 99%