“…Within Mesoamerica, continuous tectonic activity uplifted the highlands and repeated cycles of forest contraction and expansion in the highlands, owing to Pleistocene climate cycles, formed a set of corridors and barriers, creating further isolation and shaping genetic divergence and autochthonous diversification in the region at different time scales (e.g., Gutiérrez-García & Vázquez-Domínguez, 2012 ; Rodríguez-Gómez & Ornelas, 2014 ; Rovito et al, 2015 ). Several phylogeographical studies have shown marked genetic divergence between populations on either side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico, a common barrier of dry scrubby lowlands for many taxa (e.g., Bonaccorso et al, 2008 ; Barber & Klicka, 2010 ; Barrera-Guzmán et al, 2012 ; Ornelas et al, 2013 ; Ortiz-Ramírez et al, 2016 ), including hummingbirds ( Cortés-Rodríguez et al, 2008 ; González, Ornelas & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, 2011 ; Arbeláez-Cortés & Navarro-Sigüenza, 2013 ; Rodríguez-Gómez, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & Ornelas, 2013 ; Zamudio-Beltrán & Hernández-Baños, 2015 ; Rodríguez-Gómez & Ornelas, 2015 ), and between populations separated by the Nicaraguan Depression, a lowland corridor running from the Caribbean to the Pacific near the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua ( Bonaccorso et al, 2008 ; Zamudio-Beltrán & Hernández-Baños, 2015 ; Ortiz-Ramírez et al, 2016 ). However, these geographic barriers seem permeable for highland species during the colder stages of the glacial cycles ( Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Ornelas & Rodríguez-Gómez, 2011 ; Rodríguez-Gómez, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & Ornelas, 2013 ; Rodríguez-Gómez & Ornelas, 2014 ; Ornelas & Rodríguez-Gómez, 2015 ).…”