A Multiscale Approach to Plant Disease Using the Metacommunity Concept

Borer, Elizabeth T.; Laine, Anna‐Liisa; Seabloom, Eric W.

doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095959

Cited by 74 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…; Borer et al. ), this could translate into spatially and temporally heterogeneous selection on pathogen traits. In pathosystems where there is a trade‐off between aggressiveness and infectivity (Thrall and Burdon ; Bahri et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild

Susi¹,

Laine²

2017

Evolution

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Coinfection, whereby the same host is infected by more than one pathogen strain, may favor faster host exploitation rates as strains compete for the same limited resources. Hence, coinfection is expected to have major consequences for pathogen evolution, virulence, and epidemiology. Theory predicts genetic variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity to play a key role in how coinfections are formed. The limited number of studies available has demonstrated coinfection to be a common phenomenon, but little is known about how coinfection varies in space, and what its determinants are. Our aim is to understand how variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity and aggressiveness contribute to how coinfections are formed in the interaction between fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis and Plantago lanceolata. Our phenotyping study reveals that more aggressive strains are more likely to form coinfections than less aggressive strains in the natural populations. In the natural populations most of the variation in coinfection is found at the individual plant level, and results from a common garden study confirm the prevalence of coinfection to vary significantly among host genotypes. These results show that genetic variation in both the host and pathogen populations are key determinants of coinfection in the wild.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild

Susi¹,

Laine²

2017

Evolution

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“…metapopulation view describes local dynamics of symbionts within a community of hosts, whereby host individuals are conceived as patches that harbour populations of symbionts within or on their bodies, interconnected via dispersal among hosts (Grenfell & Harwood, 1997;Hanski, 1998;Holt & Barfield, 2006;Mihaljevic, 2012;Borer, Laine & Seabloom, 2016). Thus, because hosts act as discrete habitats for symbionts that aggregate them across space, the host-as-patch view suggests that living on hosts may involve drastic changes in the way an organism interacts with space locally.…”

Section: Dependence Of Range Dynamics On Organisation Levels Of Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obligate symbionts differ from free-living species in that they depend on strong biotic interactions with their hosts. This host dependence alters their levels of biological organisation (Poulin, 2007b;Tompkins et al, 2011;Penczykowski, Laine & Koskella, 2015), and modifies the way they interact with space (Borer, Laine & Seabloom, 2016) and environment (Lymbery, 2015;Borges, 2017). Therefore, understanding their ecological dynamics involves studying processes at both among-and within-host scales (Mideo, Alizon & Day, 2008;Mideo et al, 2011;Park et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts

2019

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Range expansion results from complex eco‐evolutionary processes where range dynamics and niche shifts interact in a novel physical space and/or environment, with scale playing a major role. Obligate symbionts (i.e. organisms permanently living on hosts) differ from free‐living organisms in that they depend on strong biotic interactions with their hosts which alter their niche and spatial dynamics. A symbiotic lifestyle modifies organism–environment relationships across levels of organisation, from individuals to geographical ranges. These changes influence how symbionts experience colonisation and, by extension, range expansion. Here, we investigate the potential implications of a symbiotic lifestyle on range expansion capacity. We present a unified conceptual overview on range expansion of symbionts that integrates concepts grounded in niche and metapopulation theories. Overall, we explain how niche‐driven and dispersal‐driven processes govern symbiont range dynamics through their interaction across scales, from host switching to geographical range shifts. First, we describe a background framework for range dynamics based on metapopulation concepts applied to symbiont organisation levels. Then, we integrate metapopulation processes operating in the physical space with niche dynamics grounded in the environmental arena. For this purpose, we provide a definition of the biotope (i.e. living place) specific to symbionts as a hinge concept to link the physical and environmental spaces, wherein the biotope unit is a metapopulation patch (either a host individual or a land fragment). Further, we highlight the dual nature of the symbionts' niche, which is characterised by both host traits and the external environment, and define proper conceptual variants to provide a meaningful unification of niche, biotope and symbiont organisation levels. We also explore variation across systems in the relative relevance of both external environment and host traits to the symbiont's niche and their potential implications on range expansion. We describe in detail the potential mechanisms by which hosts, through their function as biotopes, could influence how some symbionts expand their range – depending on the life history and traits of both associates. From the spatial point of view, hosts can extend symbiont dispersal range via host‐mediated dispersal, although the requirement for among‐host dispersal can challenge symbiont range expansion. From the niche point of view, homeostatic properties of host bodies may allow symbiont populations to become insensitive to off‐host environmental gradients during host‐mediated dispersal. These two potential benefits of the symbiont–host interaction can enhance symbiont range expansion capacity. On the other hand, the central role of hosts governing the symbiont niche makes symbionts strongly dependent on the availability of suitable hosts. Thus, environmental, dispersal and biotic barriers faced by suitable hosts apply also to the symbiont, unless eventual opportunities for host switch...

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“…However, if laurel wilt epidemics in natural systems are shown to exert little or no influence on the avocado system, regional avocado management strategies could be simplified. Understanding the regional system will be a first step toward scaling up [188] risk assessment and management strategies in Cuba, Mexico and neighboring avocado-production areas.…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

Ploetz

Kendra²,

Choudhury

et al. 2017

Forests

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Laurel wilt kills members of the Lauraceae plant family in the southeastern United States. It is caused by Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva, a nutritional fungal symbiont of an invasive Asian ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, which was detected in Port Wentworth, Georgia, in 2002. The beetle is the primary vector of R. lauricola in forests along the southeastern coastal plain of the United States, but other ambrosia beetle species that obtained the pathogen after the initial introduction may play a role in the avocado (Persea americana Miller) pathosystem. Susceptible taxa are naïve (new-encounter) hosts that originated outside Asia. In the southeastern United States, over 300 million trees of redbay (P. borbonia (L.) Spreng.) have been lost, and other North American endemics, non-Asian ornamentals and avocado-an important crop that originated in MesoAmerica-are also affected. However, there are no reports of laurel wilt on the significant number of lauraceous endemics that occur in the Asian homeland of R. lauricola and X. glabratus; coevolved resistance to the disease in the region has been hypothesized. The rapid spread of laurel wilt in the United States is due to an efficient vector, X. glabratus, and the movement of wood infested with the insect and pathogen. These factors, the absence of fully resistant genotypes, and the paucity of effective control measures severely constrain the disease's management in forest ecosystems and avocado production areas.

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A Multiscale Approach to Plant Disease Using the Metacommunity Concept

Cited by 74 publications

References 144 publications

Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild

Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild

A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

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