“…Data-based decision making (hereafter called data use) continues to receive ample attention in education, partly because of the increasing emphasis on holding schools accountable for the education they provide, and because of recent evidence implicating data use in improvements in student achievement (Carlson, Borman, & Robinson, 2011). School leaders and teachers can use data (e.g., information on the functioning of their school) to change teaching, address existing (ineffective) programs in their schools, and improve the functioning of the school in terms of increased student achievement (Carlson et al, 2011;Lai, McNaughton, Timperley, & Hsiao, 2009;McNaughton, Lai, & Hsiao, this issue;Wohlstetter, Datnow, & Park, 2008).…”