Nutley, . We argue that there is a need to look at new ways of circulating knowledge through learning networks and cooperative knowledge production processes. School-University partnerships are an important arena for this.School-University Knowledge Exchange Schemes (SUKES) is a project that was set up by an international group of educational researchers and consultants in 2012 to investigate whether and how the recent policy emphasis on evidence-based practice was reflected in active knowledge exchange partnerships between researchers and practitioners. Our interest in this study is in forms of collaboration between researchers working in universities and practitioners in schools. The focus is on structured arrangements planned on a longer term basis than short life projects. We call these "schemes" to distinguish them from ad hoc relationships that sometimes grow up between schools and universities around, for example, teacher training.The term "exchange" is used to indicate that the association between the parties is two-way.Our focus is on arrangements in which both parties have things to offer each other and both are treated on equal terms. Thus a lecture series delivered to teachers by university staff, for example, is not included. The term "knowledge" is used to indicate that it is not anecdotal experience or points of views that are exchanged but observations, findings, concepts and theories which may derive from research, scholarship or reflections on experience.The aims of this paper are firstly to shed a light on different knowledge exchange schemes, their forms, theoretical background and characteristics, and then to come up with an integrated model of knowledge exchange partnership; secondly to suggest a conceptual model of the context and process of change in which knowledge exchange is a part. The analysis is based on a review of four different schemes that are active in four countries. The results are discussed in the light of a theoretical perspective with a focus on theory of change -meaning the kind of thinking and strategies actors build up in order to improve their systems' performance and outcomes.This information will be used to identify implications for the policy and practice of evidence use, and to indicate areas that still need to be addressed in the study of evidence use per se.
Theories of changeLate in the 20 th century Tyack and Cuban (1995) were two of many that pointed out that most educational reform efforts so far had resulted in little change over the longer term. Once the extra efforts to implement the reform have been removed the improvements stopped or even went back to the position beforehand. Accordingly, changes that lead to sustainable, long lasting improvements are highlighted below, drawn from the current literature. Capacity building, inquiry orientated practice and data-driven decisions are considered as central themes of educational improvement (Fullan, 2016;Hargreaves and Shirley, 2013;Stoll & Louis, 2007). This is, for example, reflected in theories about the sc...