A narrative review on pharmacological significance of Eurycoma longifolia jack roots

Segaran, Abirame; Chua, Lee Suan; Ismail, Nurul Izzati Mohd

doi:10.21037/lcm-21-32

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…UV spectroscopy showed that compound 1 showed maximum absorbance at 244 nm (Waters LC-MS). The molecular weight of compound 1 was determined to be 408.4, which is the same as that of the quassinoid eurycomanone (MW: 408.4), (25) a known component of E. longifolia. Furthermore, the LC-MS retention time and UV spectrum of compound 1 showed the same profile as those of commercial eurycomanone used as a standard.…”

Section: Identification Of the Bioactive Principlementioning

confidence: 92%

Eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia Jack upregulates neurotrophin-3 gene expression in ‍retinal Müller cells in vitro

Sakai,

Yamada,

Watanabe

et al. 2024

J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.

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Photoreceptor degeneration decreases light sensitivity and leads to vision loss and various retinal diseases. Neurotrophin-3, originating from Müller glial cells in the retina, plays a key role in protecting photoreceptors from damage induced by light or hypoxia. This neuroprotective approach is important because there are no established methods to regenerate lost photoreceptors. Dietary supplements are one of the useful methods for improving eye health. Eurycoma longifolia Jack, which is native to the tropical forest of Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries, exhibits several medicinal properties.In the present study, we demonstrated that the water extract of E. longifolia roots enhanced neurotrophin-3 gene expression in primary rat Müller cells. Using a stepwise bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of E. longifolia root extracts, we isolated the active compound underlying neurotrophin-3 gene-enhancing activities. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data identified the compound as eurycomanone. This study provides evidence for the efficacy of E. longifolia and eurycomanone in enhancing neurotrophin-3 expression in Müller cells in vitro. Although the biological significance of this effect and its underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated, this study suggests that E. longifolia may be promising for improving eye health and must be further investigated.

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Section: Identification Of the Bioactive Principlementioning

confidence: 92%

Eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia Jack upregulates neurotrophin-3 gene expression in ‍retinal Müller cells in vitro

Sakai,

Yamada,

Watanabe

et al. 2024

J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.

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“…Eurycomanone, a quassinoid compound, demonstrated an anti‐estrogenic effect in a study that explored its activity in improving erectile dysfunction [14,15] . In an animal model, 9‐hydroxycanthin‐6‐one, a canthin‐6‐one derivative, exhibited penile erection and delayed ejaculation [16] . The isolated compounds from the roots of EL and EH may have a potential effect on erectile dysfunction treatment through canthin‐6‐one and its derivatives, which have the β ‐carboline motif as their core structure similar to tadalafil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14,15] In an animal model, 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one, a canthin-6-one derivative, exhibited penile erection and delayed ejaculation. [16] The isolated compounds from the roots of EL and EH may have a potential effect on erectile dysfunction treatment through canthin-6-one and its derivatives, which have the β-carboline motif as their core structure similar to tadalafil. This study aims to establish the in vitro root and callus cultures of Eurycoma plants as their sustainable sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitory Activity of Canthin‐6‐One Alkaloids and the Roots ofEurycoma longifoliaandEurycoma harmandiana

Choonong

Chaingam

Chantakul

et al. 2022

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Eurycoma longifolia (EL) and Eurycoma harmandiana (EH) are natural medicinal plants belonging to the Simaroubaceae family, and are well‐known for their ability to enhance male sexual performance. The present study investigated the phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) inhibitory activity of intact roots of EL and EH. Additionally, canthin‐6‐one alkaloids, β‐carboline alkaloids, and quassinoids were also screened for PDE‐5 inhibitory activity. We developed in vitro root and callus cultures of EL and EH to determine their PDE‐5 inhibitory activity. Our results indicated that canthin‐6‐one alkaloids, which include canthin‐6‐one‐9‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, 9‐methoxycanthin‐6‐one, canthin‐6‐one, and 9‐hydroxycanthin‐6‐one, exhibited PDE‐5 enzymatic inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 2.86±0.23, 3.30±1.03, 4.31±0.52, and 4.66±1.13 μM, respectively. The ethanolic extract of the intact roots of EL and EH, and the in vitro root culture of EH had large amounts of canthin‐6‐one alkaloids (1.50±0.04, 2.12±0.03, and 3.48±0.08 mg/g dry weight, respectively), and showed potent PDE‐5 inhibition. Our findings indicate that in vitro root cultures of EH may be used to replace intact plants, and canthin‐6‐one‐9‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside should be further investigated for development as a health supplement.

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“…Because of its distinctive medicinal value, EL root extracts have been intensively investigated for pharmacological purposes. Several studies have performed both in vitro and in vivo focusing on the aphrodisiac, anticancer, antimalarial, antiosteoporosis, and antidiabetic properties using different assays (Segaran et al 2021). It is also used as an anti-stress (decrease cortisol) (Talbott et al 2013), anti-microbial (Khanam et al 2015, appetite stimulant, health supplement (Rehman et al 2016), immunomodulation to improve immunity (George et al 2016), and anti-inflammatory (Han et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic Evaluation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract on Chromosome Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes In vitro

Chaiphech

Patawang

Phimphan

et al. 2022

J.Tropical Biodiversity Biotechnology

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This study aimed to investigate chromosomal aberrations of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL) root extract in human lymphocytes in vitro. Human whole blood was cultured in medium solution that treated with distilled water, 20% DMSO, extract of EL roots at the concentration of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 µg/mL (extracted with distilled water and ethanol), and nontreated (blank: only culture medium and whole blood). All experiments were cultured for 72 hours in the 37°C incubator. The effects of EL roots extract on cytotoxicity were compared with the control groups including the blank, distilled water, and 20% DMSO. This study found that EL root extract significantly decreased metaphase cell number and increased chromosome aberrations dose dependent manner (p<0.01). The 7 types of chromosome aberration that were observed consisted of dicentric chromosome, single chromatid breaks, isochromatid break, isochromatid gap, single chromatid gap, fragmentation, and deletion. The dicentric chromosome was the most common chromosomal aberrations type that was treated with EL root extract both distilled water and ethanol. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of EL root was more effective to stimulate chromosome aberrations compared to the water extract of EL root (the deletion and fragmentation were not found in the water extract of EL root). This study demonstrated that the phytochemicals of EL root extract had cytotoxicity effect (decreased metaphase cells and increase cells death) and genotoxic effect (increased chromosomal aberrations. The use of EL root crude extract with distilled water is therefore safer for cells. However, when EL is used at high levels, it may lead to the inhibition of cell division process and cause side effects (toxicity). EL extracts consist of various phytochemicals with different properties and dosages, thus more studies should be conducted on the effect of those substances on cytotoxicity, especially their effects on genotoxicity humans.

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A narrative review on pharmacological significance of Eurycoma longifolia jack roots

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Eurycomanone from <i>Eurycoma longifolia</i> Jack upregulates neurotrophin-3 gene expression in ‍retinal Müller cells <i>in vitro</i>

Eurycomanone from <i>Eurycoma longifolia</i> Jack upregulates neurotrophin-3 gene expression in ‍retinal Müller cells <i>in vitro</i>

Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitory Activity of Canthin‐6‐One Alkaloids and the Roots ofEurycoma longifoliaandEurycoma harmandiana

Cytotoxic Evaluation of <i>Eurycoma longifolia</i> Jack Root Extract on Chromosome Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes <i>In vitro</i>

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