A neutron activation method for soil removal measurements: A comparison of the reflectance method and the neutron activation method

Netzel, Daniel A.; Stanley, Charles W.; Rathburn, D. W.

doi:10.1007/bf02661407

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Total clay analysis by neutron activation. Neutron activation analysis was used to provide a quantitative measure of the amount of residual particulate soil present on the fabric (11). Specimens were activated at the Ward Nuclear Laboratory at Cornell University, using the Rabbit Facility.…”

Section: Sk Obendorfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric

Webb

Obendorf

1988

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The removal of multiphase, multicomponent soils from fibrous substrates depends upon the nature of the soil mixture, the order of application, wash temperature, and type of detergent formulation. By studying these factors, we investigated the synergism between residual oil (triolein) and particulate soil (clay) on a durable press polyester/cotton fabric after laundering with four different detergents at wash temperatures of 27 and 49 C. To probe the interaction between clay and oil, fabric specimens were soiled with clay only, triolein only, clay followed by an application of triolein, and triolein followed by an application of clay. Four detergent formulations were used to launder the soiled fabrics, including one unbuilt liquid and three powdered detergents with different builder systems. The amount of residual oil (triolein) was determined by radiotracer technique, and the quantities of clay were determined by measuring aluminum by neutron activation. Reflectance measurements were used to calculate fabric whiteness. The soil distributions on and within the textile structure were obtained by scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electron images, secondary electron images and X‐ray mapping. Osmium tetroxide was used to tag the oil, while silicon was the elemental tag for clay in the microscopic analysis. Results of the four factors studied can be summarized as follows. (i) In agreement with observations by previous researchers, a mixture of clay and oil is more difficult to remove than either the oil or the clay applied singly. It appears that oil acts as a matrix to bind clay, forming a composite soil. (ii) The specimens that were soiled first with oil and then clay had more soil removed by laundering than the specimens soiled with clay and then oil. Detergency was limited by the encapsulation of clay by the oil and adsorbtion of oil by the clay. (iii) The built powdered detergents were temperature sensitive, while the unbuilt liquid detergent was not. (iv) The built powdered detergents removed more soil (oily and clay) than the unbuilt liquid detergent.

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Section: Sk Obendorfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric

Webb

Obendorf

1988

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a recognized analytical method for determining the amount of clay soil removed from fabric during a wash cycle (1,2,5). Netzel et al (6) first reported this method for determining the amount of kaolinite clay soil present on cotton cloth before and after washing by gamma scintillation counting of the 28 Al.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neutron activation analysis as a method for measuring soil removal of unsaturated oils and for estimating their degree of aging on fabric

Choe

Obendorf

1998

J Surfact & Detergents

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Neutron activation analysis of bromine-tagged oils on fabric provides a quantitative method for evaluating the degree of aging of unsaturated oils on fabric as well as a new method for measuring their soil removal by estimating the quantity of double bonds, before and after laundering. When aged at 21°C for 5 wk, 62, 63, and 20% of double bonds remained for oleic acid, triolein, and squalene, respectively. At 40°C, no double bonds were left after aging of oleic acid and triolein, whereas about 8% of the double bonds remained for squalene. A comparison of this method with the radiotracer method for soil removal measurements shows good agreement between the two methods. Proper treatment time for bromine tagging of unsaturated oils on fabric is any time between 90 s and 10 min under the bromination procedure used. The tagging of double bonds by bromine vapor has advantages of the exact one-toone reaction ratio between Br 2 and the number of double bonds of unsaturated oleic acid or triolein, as well as a much lower cost than other tagging reagents like OsO 4 . Because blank unsoiled fabric was shown to take up Br 2 , fabric swatches of the same size should be used as controls in neutron activation analysis. This method has advantages of its sensitivity to small amounts, use of nonlabeled soil, quantitative measurement, and ease of sample preparation over the chemical measurement of iodine value. JSD 1, 227-233 (1998).Although various methods for measuring and evaluating detergency have been developed, the type of soil and soiling level being used during an investigation can limit their applications. The gravimetric method (1,2) is only useful for heavily soiled fabric. Reflectance methods have been used for carbon, clay, colored stains, and oily soil on colored fabrics; however, these reflectance readings are not a quantitative measurement of the amount of soil present on the fabric (1-3). Radiotracer analysis of residual labeled soils left on fabric after washing provides the absolute soil content remaining on the fabric swatch and also can be applied to any soiling level (1,2,4). It is, however, only applicable to laboratory experimentation with radiolabeled soils.Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a recognized analytical method for determining the amount of clay soil removed from fabric during a wash cycle (1,2,5). Netzel et al.(6) first reported this method for determining the amount of kaolinite clay soil present on cotton cloth before and after washing by gamma scintillation counting of the 28 Al.NAA has been applied in other aspects of the textile field, for example to measure elements present on fibers or fabrics qualitatively or quantitatively. Guion and McGregor (7) measured the amount of Cl atoms taken up by acrylic fabrics after exposure to a salt solution. The amount of bromobenzene was measured to determine whether a bromine-containing dye carrier had been washed from the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers (8). Chemical tagging of functional groups using Cs and Br followed by neutro...

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“…, Recently a radioactive tracet technique ~37,44,45,77,117) has been employed for determining the amount t of soil,deposited or released from the fabric surface. By determining the amount of radioactive soil present, one can calculate the degree of soiling or soil release.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Soiling of Textiles and Development of Anti-Soiling and Soil Release Finishes: A Review

Venkatesh

Dweltz

Madan

et al. 1974

Textile Research Journal

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With the introduction of easy-care and durable press fabrics the problems of soiling and soil release have become im portant today. Published literature contains mostly conflicting reports in regard to the effect that the chemical and physical characteristics of the fabric surface have on soiling and soil release. In an effort to understand the mechanism of soiling and soil release better, the various factors responsible for them have been reviewed. Different experimental techniques, especially those dealing with the surface characteristics of fabrics, have been discussed. Performance char acteristics of the commerically availahle soil released finishes have also been considered. It is clear that the lack of proper understanding of the mechanisms of soiling and soil release is responsible for the limited effectiveness of the com mercially availahle soil release agents. This suggests that there is a need for promoting systematic investigations with a view to acquire basic information on various parameters which contribute to the problem.

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A neutron activation method for soil removal measurements: A comparison of the reflectance method and the neutron activation method

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric

Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric

Neutron activation analysis as a method for measuring soil removal of unsaturated oils and for estimating their degree of aging on fabric

A Study of the Soiling of Textiles and Development of Anti-Soiling and Soil Release Finishes: A Review

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