A new approach for Small Ruminant Lentivirus full genome characterization revealed the circulation of divergent strains

Colitti, Barbara; Coradduzza, Elisabetta; Puggioni, Giantonella; Capucchio, Maria Teresa; Reina, Ramsés; Bertolotti, Luigi; Rosati, Sergio

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212585

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Genotype A is the most heterogeneous group and has so far been subdivided into 20 subtypes, A1 to A20 4,8-15 . Two recently published studies have to be noted, one by Olech et al 13 that defines SRLV subtype A18, and the other by Colitti et al 15 that defines SRLV subtypes A18 and A19. In the present study, the SRLVs found by Colitti et al 15 are renamed from ' A18' to ' A19' and from ' A19' to ' A20' .…”

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Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep

Molaee

Bazzucchi

Mia

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are found in sheep in Germany and Iran. SRLVs have been classified into four genotypes: A-C and E. Genotype A has been subdivided into 20 subtypes. Previous studies suggested that, first, the ancestors of genotype A are those SRLVs found in Turkey, second, the evolution of SRLVs is related to the domestication process, and, third, SRLV infection was first observed in sheep in Iceland and the source of that infection was a flock imported from Germany. This study generated, for the first time, partial SRLV sequence data from German and Iranian sheep, enhancing our knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary relationships of SRLVs, and their associations with the domestication process. Based on 54 SRLV sequences from German and Iranian sheep, our results reveal: (1) SRLV subtypes A4, A5, A11, A16 and A21 (new) are found in German sheep and A22 (new) in Iranian sheep. (2) Genotype A has potentially an additional ancestor (A22), found in Iran, Lebanon and Jordan. (3) Subtype A22 is likely an old version of SRLVs. (4) The transmission routes of some SRLVs are compatible with domestication pathways. (5) This study found no evidence of Icelandic subtype A1 in German sheep.Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), which comprise maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), belong to the genus Lentivirus and the family Retroviridae. SRLVs can cause progressive multisystem disease in sheep involving lungs, joints, mammary gland and the central nervous system 1 . There is no cure or vaccine available against SRLV infection. SRLV-related diseases are distributed worldwide among sheep and goats, resulting in considerable economic losses 2 .Like in other lentiviruses, the SRLV genome includes three structural genes, coding for the group-specific antigens (gag), the polymerase (pol) and the envelope (env). The gag gene encodes the matrix (MA) protein (p17), capsid (CA) protein (p25) and nucleocapsid (NC) protein (p14) 3 . Both gag and pol genes are relatively conserved, and phylogenetic analyses of SRLVs have been established based on these two genes 4 . SRLV isolates can be classified into four genotypes, A-C and E 4-6 . Genotypes A and B are widespread and refer to MVV-like and CAEV-like viruses, respectively. MVV-like and CAEV-like strains have been first described in sheep and goats, respectively, and considered strictly host-specific for a long time. However, there are nowadays several studies indicating that most strains can cross the species barrier (reviewed by Minardi da Cruz et al. 7 ). Genotype A is the most heterogeneous group and has so far been subdivided into 20 subtypes, A1 to A20 4,8-15 . Two recently published studies have to be noted, one by Olech et al. 13 that defines SRLV subtype A18, and the other by Colitti et al. 15 that defines SRLV subtypes A18 and A19. In the present study, the SRLVs found by Colitti et al. 15 are renamed from ' A18' to ' A19' and from ' A19' to ' A20' . Genotype B contains three subtypes, B1 to B3 4,16 .

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confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep

Molaee

Bazzucchi

Mia

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…In the present study, there was homology in the genetic sequences obtained between neonates and their mothers, and a strong relationship with the standard strain CAEV Co as well as with the Brazilian sequences BR CNPC (GenBank accession number EU300976, EU300977, EU300978, EU300979), thus proving that the isolated strains were from SRLV. This relationship is explained by the fact that the studied gene is one of the most conserved regions of the viral genome [7] and has traditionally been used in molecular analyzes [3,6,[8][9][10][11][12]. It should be…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structural (gag, pol and env) and accessories genes (vpr, rev and vif) make up the genome of SRLV [6]. Among these, the gag gene is one of the most conserved regions of the viral genome [7], and worldwide it is the target of molecular analysis [3,6,[8][9][10][11][12], allowing to properly characterize the circulating strains in the infected animal's organism due to its ideal minimum genetic variability, compared to other conserved regions of the genome [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the main entry point for SRLV into the animal's body is via the lactogenic route [15,16], and through contact between healthy and infected animals [17], viral compartmentalization, with migration of the virus from the bloodstream to other organs, like the uterus, becomes an important risk factor for the disease [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

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“…They are distributed worldwide and mainly spread through animal trade. Within A and B genotypes, specific diseases of sheep and goat are associated to particular subtypes (Colitti et al, 2019;Minguijón et al, 2015). Genotypes C and E have been characterized so far in limited geographical areas (Gjerset et al, 2007(Gjerset et al, , 2006Grego et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses: A complete tool for serotyping lentivirus infection in goat

Nogarol

Bertolotti

Klevar

et al. 2019

Small Ruminant Research

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) form a very heterogeneous group of ssRNA viruses able to infect goats and sheep worldwide. The genetic heterogeneity is reflected by a large antigenic variability which can represents a potential bias in serological diagnostics. Indeed the circulation of four different viral genotypes reveals how the surveillance and control of SRLV is a hard challenge. In previous works we described the use of a single subunit of the viral capsid protein for the SRLV infection genotyping. The amino acid sequence of this region was characterized for each genotype, produced in recombinant form and used as antigen in the described indirect ELISA assay. In this work we completed the panel of antigens including all the divergent genotypes. The subunits of genotypes A, B, C and E were used to test a different groups of goat sera belonging to flocks were the SRLV circulation was proven and genetically characterized. The results confirmed the ability of the P25-B3 subunit to correctly discriminate the viral infection, showing a very high concordance between the SRLV genotype circulating within the flock and the serotype identified by the ELISA test. The proposed approach is able to detect and distinguish all known SRLV genotypes detected so far in Europe. It could represent a cost effective support in SRLV identification, beside the more expensive and time consuming genetic analysis, improving the knowledge about viral heterogeneity. Finally, it may represent a first line epidemiological tool in those Countries in which SRLV have been detected but not yet characterized.

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A new approach for Small Ruminant Lentivirus full genome characterization revealed the circulation of divergent strains

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep

Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus

Serological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses: A complete tool for serotyping lentivirus infection in goat

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