“…Finite volume methods ( Keilegavlen and Nordbotten, 2017;Sokolova et al, 2019 ) and boundary-type meth-ods ( Markous, 2019;Liu et al, 2019 ) can alternatively be applied to study the deformation of solids. At present, the finite element methods are the most mature and commonly used tool to analyse solids subjected to mechanical or thermomechanical loadings ( Liu et al, 2015;Fielder et al, 2017;Rajasekaran and Khaniki, 2017;Barboura and Li, 2018;Šeruga and Nagode, 2019;Kotoul et al, 2019;Xu and Cheng, 2019;Xiao and Yu, 2019;Pereira et al, 2019;Numanoglu and Civalek, 2019;Falope et al, 2019 ). All these methods are based on continuum formulations of governing equations, i.e.…”