A New Architectural Perspective on Wind Damage in a Natural Forest

Jackson, Tobias; Shenkin, Alexander; Kalyan, Bavisha; Zionts, Jessica; Calders, Kim; Origo, Niall; Disney, Mathias; Burt, Andrew; Raumonen, Pasi; Malhi, Yadvinder

doi:10.3389/ffgc.2018.00013

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Repeated disturbances such as periodic harvesting, one of the main causes of degradation in tropical forests, would also increase the prevalence of early recovery stages during which complementarity plays the main role. Other natural disturbances do affect tropical forests, including droughts, which can impact larger trees (Bennett, McDowell, Allen, & Anderson‐Teixeira, ; but see Enquist & Enquist, or Fauset et al, ), fire, which typically impacts smaller trees (Cochrane & Schulze, ), pests, which can impact a single species (Novotny & Basset, ; Novotny et al, ), or wind‐related disturbances, to which softer wood species can be more vulnerable (Curran, Gersbach, Edwards, & Krockenberger, ; but see Jackson et al, ). Previous studies suggested that tree diversity fosters forest resilience to such disturbances (Dhôte, ; Guyot, Castagneyrol, Vialatte, Deconchat, & Jactel, ; Sakschewski et al, ), in agreement with our findings for random disturbances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional diversity improves tropical forest resilience: Insights from a long‐term virtual experiment

et al. 2020

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1. Human activities modify the disturbance regimes of tropical forests. Since tropical forests host high biological diversity, understanding the role of biodiversity in ecosystem recovery pathways and the underlying ecological mechanisms is crucial to predict the fate of tropical ecosystems. Studies relying on regularly censused forest plots, rarely include disturbed forests, are not long enough to assess longterm forest dynamics and often lack repeatability.2. We used an individual-based model of tropical forest growth to assess the effect of species and functional diversity on long-term ecosystem recovery from disturbance. We manipulated the number of species and functional assemblages across a large number of simulations and simulated different levels of disturbance. To investigate the ecological mechanisms that underlie the effect of biodiversity on forest functioning along recovery pathways, we partitioned the net effect of biodiversity on ecosystem properties into complementarity and selection effects over time.3. We found that functional diversity improved tropical forest resilience after a disturbance. The complementarity effect dominated soon after the disturbance but was progressively surpassed by a selection effect as more competitive species dominated the forest community. This pattern increased with the intensity of the disturbance. Synthesis.We found that the mechanisms through which biodiversity influences forest functioning depend on the ecosystem state, shifting from a dominant complementarity effect in recently disturbed systems to a selection effect in systems disturbed a long time ago. Our results thus suggest that the time since the last disturbance is a key to understanding biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in tropical forests and can help reconcile previous contrasting results obtained with snapshots of ecosystem state in empirical studies. 832 | biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, complementarity effect, disturbance, individual-based model, recovery, selection effect, simulation | 833 Journal of Ecology SCHMITT eT al.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional diversity improves tropical forest resilience: Insights from a long‐term virtual experiment

et al. 2020

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“…In order to simulate the combined effects of wind and gravity we used finite element analysis (FEA), based on a TLS-derived beam model of Menara (Figure 5). FEA is a well-established structural engineering technique and has been successfully applied to conifers (Moore and Maguire, 2008) and temperate broadleaf trees (Jackson et al, 2019; Sellier et al, 2006). Our results demonstrate that the effect of wind dominates the bending response of the tree and that the effect of gravity is secondary (Figure 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical stability of the world’s tallest broadleaf trees

Jackson

Shenkin

Majalap

et al. 2019

Preprint

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13The factors that limit the maximum height of trees, whether ecophysiological or mechanical, are the 14 subject of longstanding debate. Here we examine the role of mechanical stability in limiting tree 15 height and focus on trees from the tallest tropical forests on Earth, in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, 16including the recently discovered tallest tropical tree, a 100.8 m Shorea faguetiana. We use 17 terrestrial laser scans, in situ strain gauge data and finite-element simulations to map the 18 architecture of tall broadleaf trees and monitor their response to wind loading. We demonstrate 19 that a tree's risk of breaking due to gravity or self-weight decreases with tree height and is much 20 more strongly affected by tree architecture than by material properties. In contrast, wind damage 21 risk increases with tree height despite the larger diameters of tall trees, resulting in a U-shaped 22 curve of mechanical risk with tree height. The relative rarity of extreme wind speeds in north Borneo 23 may be the reason it is home to the tallest trees in the tropics. 24

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“…Suite of 23-predictor variables prior dimensionality reduction with principal component analysis (PCA). WNDSPD (3), SLP (3), SWC (3) and HNDP (3) took into account the minimum, mean and maximum values of the variable for a given stand and were treated as independent (predictor) variables. Principal component analysis (PCA) was subsequently used to reduce the number of variables from the suite of forest-state and site variables in developing the windthrow functions for bF and the other tree species.…”

Section: Surface Description and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind plays an important role in defining the functional and structural characteristics of forest ecosystems globally [1][2][3]. Powerful windstorms are particularly notorious for causing widespread ecological and economic losses in wind-impacted landscapes [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projected Wind Impact on Abies balsamea (Balsam fir)-Dominated Stands in New Brunswick (Canada) Based on Remote Sensing and Regional Modelling of Climate and Tree Species Distribution

et al. 2020

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The paper describes the development of predictive equations of windthrow for five tree species based on remote sensing of wind-affected stands in southwestern New Brunswick (NB). The data characterises forest conditions before, during and after the passing of extratropical cyclone Arthur, July 4–5, 2014. The five-variable logistic function developed for balsam fir (bF) was validated against remote-sensing-acquired windthrow data for bF-stands affected by the Christmas Mountains windthrow event of November 7, 1994. In general, the prediction of windthrow in the area agreed fairly well with the windthrow sites identified by photogrammetry. The occurrence of windthrow in the Christmas Mountains was prominent in areas with shallow soils and prone to localised accelerations in mean and turbulent airflow. The windthrow function for bF was subsequently used to examine the future impact of windthrow under two climate scenarios (RCP’s 4.5 and 8.5) and species response to local changes anticipated with global climate change, particularly with respect to growing degree-days and soil moisture. Under climate change, future windthrow in bF stands (2006–2100) is projected to be modified as the species withdraws from the high-elevation areas and NB as a whole, as the climate progressively warms and precipitation increases, causing the growing environment of bF to deteriorate.

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A New Architectural Perspective on Wind Damage in a Natural Forest

Cited by 26 publications

References 41 publications

Functional diversity improves tropical forest resilience: Insights from a long‐term virtual experiment

Functional diversity improves tropical forest resilience: Insights from a long‐term virtual experiment

The mechanical stability of the world’s tallest broadleaf trees

Projected Wind Impact on Abies balsamea (Balsam fir)-Dominated Stands in New Brunswick (Canada) Based on Remote Sensing and Regional Modelling of Climate and Tree Species Distribution

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