A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods

Stern, Judith; Hagerman, Ann; Steinberg, Peter D.; Winter, Frank C.; Estes, James A.

doi:10.1007/bf02266965

Cited by 117 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This loss was likely due to a combination of error in the Folin-Ciocalteu determination using phloroglucinol as a standard (e.g. Hagerman & Butler 1989, Van Alstyne 1995, Stern et al 1996a, incomplete extraction, and some decomposition during purification, all of which could have affected feeding responses by herbivores. Therefore, it became important to test isolated phlorotannins at elevated concentrations to compensate for potential loss.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, biologists have commonly used colorimetric assays such as the Folin-Denis (Folin & Denis 1915), Folin-Ciocalteu (Waterman & Mole 1994), or 2, 4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA) (Stern et al 1996a) assays to measure total phlorotannins, without considering their molecular size, structure, or demonstrated bioactivity (e.g. Van Alstyne & Pelletreau 2000, Hemmi & Jormalainen 2002, Norderhaug et al 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambiguous role of phlorotannins as chemical defenses in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus

Kubanek

Lester²,

Fenical³

et al. 2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Brown seaweeds (Fucales) produce phlorotannins that are often considered chemical defenses against herbivores. The many correlative and fewer direct tests conducted have shown effects of phlorotannins on herbivore feeding behavior to be variable. In an attempt to clarify the roles of phlorotannins versus other metabolites in defending brown algae, we conducted bioassay-guided fractionation of herbivore-deterrent extracts from the commonly studied brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Feeding by the amphipods Ampithoe valida and A. longimana and the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata was suppressed by crude and water-soluble extracts of F. vesiculosus, but this deterrence was lost following storage or fractionation of the active, water-soluble extract. Phlorotannins in these extracts did not decompose in parallel with the loss of feeding deterrence. F. vesiculosus phlorotannins were fed to herbivores at 3 to 12 × the isolated yield (or 4.2 to 16.8% of plant dry mass). No herbivore was deterred from feeding by concentrations of 3 or 6 ×, but A. valida (the only test herbivore that readily consumes F. vesiculosus in the field) was deterred at 12 × isolated yield. When juvenile A. valida were raised on an artificial diet containing F. vesiculosus phlorotannins at 3 × isolated yield, the phlorotannin-rich diet significantly enhanced, rather than reduced, amphipod survivorship and growth relative to an equivalent diet without phlorotannins. Females ovulated only on the phlorotannin-rich diet. Compounds other than phlorotannins appear to defend the F. vesiculosus populations we investigated, but we were unable to identify these unstable compounds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambiguous role of phlorotannins as chemical defenses in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus

Kubanek

Lester²,

Fenical³

et al. 2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…data), and use of the same colorimetric measurement allows for some comparisons among results. The reactivity of structurally different conlpounds to the Folin-Denis assay (and presumably the Folin-Ciocalteu assay) is very similar (Ragan & Glombitza 1986, Steinberg 1988, Stern et al 1996. For the Folin-Denis assay, interference of non-phenolic compounds may be on the order of 0.5% of dry weight (Stern et al 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Rapid phlorotannin induction and relaxation in five Washington kelps

Hammerstrom¹,

Dethier²,

Duggins³

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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ABSTRACT-Wounding of both terrestrial and marine plants is known to induce chemical responses in the plants; the induced compounds may defend against herbivory or act in wound-healing processes. We demonstrate here, for the first time, induction of phlorotannins in kelps (Phaeophyta, Laminariales). an important and widespread group of marine benthic algae. The rapid response of kelps to mechanical wounding contrasts with previously published work on other marine algae, where response has been slower. In 4 of the 5 species tested, induction (increases of approximately 30 to 9036 of original levels) occurred very rapidly, within 1 to 3 d of wounding, although the magnitude and duration of the induction varied among species and tissue types. Many induced responses persisted for 5 to 7 d and then relaxed. Relaxation times are a critical component in the hypothesized cost-effectiveness of induced versus constitutive defenses, and this is one of the first attempts to measure relaxation times of chemlcal defenses in marine algae. The temporal persistence of the response suggests an antiherb~vory rather than a wound-healing function for induction of phlorotannins, although this needs further testing KEY MiORDS Kelp phlorotannins . Induction Relaxat~on Chemlcal defense . Wound heal~ng Herb~vory

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“…Inhibitor 1 showed positive response for 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde reagent, 9) used for detecting meta-diphenolic or phloroglucinol moieties, to be categorized as phlorotannin. Therefore, an aliquot of compound 1 was acetylated with acetic anhydride/pyridine to obtain peracetylated derivative 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%