A new concept in prophylaxis and therapy: paramunization by poxvirus inducers

Mayr, Anton; Mayr, B.

doi:10.1590/s0100-736x1999000300001

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Immunomodulation refers to the alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. Paramunization with paramunity inducers, which are nonimmunizing biological products, is used to induce an optimal short‐term, immediately effective, regulated, activated, antigen‐nonspecific defense, or “paramunity” . Orf virus paramunity inducer has been produced from purified, attenuated ORFV that was inactivated by g‐radiation or chemical means and which mainly contains virus components that are mostly derived from the viral envelope .…”

Section: Immune Modulation: Orfv As Paramunity Inducermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paramunization with paramunity inducers, which are nonimmunizing biological products, is used to induce an optimal short‐term, immediately effective, regulated, activated, antigen‐nonspecific defense, or “paramunity” . Orf virus paramunity inducer has been produced from purified, attenuated ORFV that was inactivated by g‐radiation or chemical means and which mainly contains virus components that are mostly derived from the viral envelope . Attenuation (through several hundred passages in cell cultures) and inactivation of poxviruses results in a decrease in their immunizing properties whereas their paramunizing activities increase.…”

Section: Immune Modulation: Orfv As Paramunity Inducermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,4 Following reinfection, there of ORFV is that it can repeatedly infect a previously exposed host despite a prominent inflammatory host immune response as nonimmunizing biological products, is used to induce an optimal short-term, immediately effective, regulated, activated, antigen-nonspecific defense, or "paramunity". 69 Orf virus paramunity inducer has been produced from purified, attenuated ORFV that was inactivated by g-radiation or chemical means and which mainly contains virus components that are mostly derived from the viral envelope. 69 Studies on bone marrow-derived DCs and human peripheral immune cells in vitro indicated that APCs play a major role.…”

Section: Figure 3 Orf Virus Main Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…69 Orf virus paramunity inducer has been produced from purified, attenuated ORFV that was inactivated by g-radiation or chemical means and which mainly contains virus components that are mostly derived from the viral envelope. 69 Studies on bone marrow-derived DCs and human peripheral immune cells in vitro indicated that APCs play a major role. 5,72 ORFV particles are opsonised by complement 3b (C3b), leading to intracellular uptake with ensuing cellular signaling mediated via CD14 and toll-like receptors.…”

Section: Figure 3 Orf Virus Main Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orf virus infection

Bergqvist

Kurban

Abbas

2017

Reviews in Medical Virology

101

117

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Orf virus (ORFV) is an important pathogen responsible for a highly contagious zoonotic viral infection that threatens those who handle sheep and goats. Orf virus is the prototype of the Parapoxvirus genus, and its resilience in the environment and ability to reinfect its host has contributed to the spread and maintenance of the infection in many species. In healthy humans, the disease usually resolves spontaneously within 3 to 6 weeks. There is no specific treatment and many different approaches such as use of imiquimod, cidofovir, curettage, shave excision, cryotherapy, and electrocautery have all been reported to be successful, without supporting evidence from controlled clinical trials. Throughout its interaction with the different hosts, ORFV has evolved a strategy for immune evasion via the development of an array of virulence factors. The interaction of ORFV with the immune system has been the subject of research for decades. Whole inactivated ORFV has been used as a type of immunomodulating drug; a so called paramunity inducer proposed as both a preventative and a therapeutic immunomodulator across various species. Additional research on the remarkable strategies underlying ORFV infection could lead to improved understanding of skin immunity.

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Section: Immune Modulation: Orfv As Paramunity Inducermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Modulation: Orfv As Paramunity Inducermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 3 Orf Virus Main Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 3 Orf Virus Main Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Orf virus infection

Bergqvist

Kurban

Abbas

2017

Reviews in Medical Virology

101

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Paramunity inducers are non-immunizing biological products with a paraspecific impact on the innate immune system, stimulating monocytes and macrophages that upgrade the rate of phagocytosis, progressing the action of other lymphoreticular cells and common killer cells boosting the work of spontaneous cellmediated cytotoxicity. Paramunity inducers moreover can improve release, production, and interaction of numerous cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [14,15]. PIND-ORF is authorized for utilize in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia in puppies and in other animal species, it has been detailed to be viable when utilized therapeutically or metaphylactically [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of PIND-ORF with Canine ParvoVirus vaccines in the protection of experimentally challenged puppies against the newly identified CPV-2a virus

Abdel-Rhman¹,

Balkemy

Abouzeid

et al. 2020

Zagazig Veterinary Journal

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Canine parvovirus infection (CPV) is one among several hazard diseases that incorporates a dramatic end and remains a common and vital reason of morbidity and mortality in puppies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of local and imported CPV vaccines along with PIND-ORF against the experimentally challenged puppies with the newly identified CPV-2a virus. Forty native breed puppies around 45 days old free from internal and external parasites (as examined clinically) and negative for CPV antibodies (as screened by serum neutralization test) were enrolled, and randomized into five groups (8 animals, each). Vaccinated groups were compared to each other, or to paramunity inducer inoculated group and to neither treatment nor vaccinated group. It was found that both local canine parvovirus and Vanguard are safe and potent vaccines inducing no clinical post-vaccination reaction and high levels of specific CPV antibodies (256) by 30 days post-vaccination. Such vaccines provided 80% protection for challenging puppies against the recent virulent strain (CPV-2a), while, unvaccinated puppies did not withstand the challenging virus infection. Besides, it was noticed that PIND-ORF enhanced the puppies immune response through the 1st 2 weeks post-vaccination, however, it was unable to enhance their ability to guard against the new CPV-2a virus infection strain. So it may be concluded that the currently used CPV vaccines; either the local or imported ones can protect puppies towards new CPV-2a strain along with paramunity inducer PIND-ORF.

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Therapeutic immunomodulation using a virus—the potential of inactivated orf virus

Weber

Mercer

Friebe

et al. 2012

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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Viruses can manipulate the immune response against them by various strategies to influence immune cells, i.e. by over-activation leading to functional inactivation, bypassing antigen presentation or even suppression of effector functions. Little is known, however, about how these features of immune regulation and modulation could be used for therapeutic purposes. Reasons for this include the complexity of immune regulatory mechanisms under certain disease conditions and the risks that infections with viruses pose to human beings. The orf virus (ORFV), a member of the Parapoxvirus genus of the poxvirus family, is known as a common pathogen in sheep and goats worldwide. The inactivated ORFV, however, has been used as a preventative as well as therapeutic immunomodulator in veterinary medicine in different species. Here, we review the key results obtained in pre-clinical studies or clinical studies in veterinary medicine to characterise the therapeutic potential of inactivated ORFV. Inactivated ORFV has strong effects on cytokine secretion in mice and human immune cells, leading to an auto-regulated loop of initial up-regulation of inflammatory and Th1-related cytokines, followed by Th2-related cytokines that attenuate immunopathology. The therapeutic potential of inactivated ORFV has been recognised in several difficult-to-treat disease areas, such as chronic viral diseases, liver fibrosis or various forms of cancer. Further research will be required in order to evaluate the full beneficial potential of inactivated ORFV for therapeutic immunomodulation.

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A new concept in prophylaxis and therapy: paramunization by poxvirus inducers

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Orf virus infection

Orf virus infection

The Efficacy of PIND-ORF with Canine ParvoVirus vaccines in the protection of experimentally challenged puppies against the newly identified CPV-2a virus

Therapeutic immunomodulation using a virus—the potential of inactivated orf virus

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