A New Control Logic for a Wind-Area on the Balancing Authority Area Control Error Limit Standard for Load Frequency Control

Abstract

Nowadays, the Balancing Authority Area Control Error (ACE) Limit (BAAL) Standard has been adopted to replace the Control Performance Standard 2 (CPS2) in the North American power grid. According to the new standard's mechanism, a new control logic, named "Triggered Monitoring and Graded Regulation" (TM-GR) is proposed. Its purpose is to improve wind power utilization, with good BAAL Standard compliance for load frequency control (LFC). With the TM logic, according to the real-time regulating ability of areas and forecasting results of wind power output, the triggering moments to give orders are found and a defined monitoring interval is set to track the succeeding fluctuation of Area Control Error (ACE). With the GR logic, based on whether or not over-limit frequency and over-limit ACE occur simultaneously, unit output is regulated in different grades. In cooperation with the existing control logic of Control Performance Standard 1 (CPS1), the proposed logic has a higher priority. From the test results, with the proposed control logic, the utilization of wind power output increases and, meanwhile, the area's control performance meets the Standard BAL-001-2 requirements. The standard deviation of the frequency deviation is less than the target value, and the duration of over-limit ACE and over-limit frequency can both be restricted to be less than 30 min.

Fast Power Reserve Emulation Strategy for VSWT Supporting Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems

“…Figure 3 schematically shows these power exchanges for a three-area power system example. Recent contributions focused on a new control logic of the Balancing Authority Area Control Error Limit (BAAL) Standard adopted in the North American power grid can be found in [70].…”

Improved Performance of M-Class PMUs Based on a Magnitude Compensation Model for Wide Frequency Deviations

“…One of the reasons why frequency deviations occur in autonomous networks is due to one-site generators [13]. Also, the use of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines implies a variable power generation, sometimes resulting in frequency deviations, low-frequency values are also observed during the start-up and shut-down of generators in power systems [14]. These non-nominal frequency values (ranging from a few Hz up to 100% of the nominal value in some cases) cause equipment malfunction and, if the frequency, magnitude and phase (information provided by a PMU) are not correctly measured, degradation of the performance of protections, controllers and state estimators, among other negative effects, occurs [15][16][17].…”