A new era for castrate resistant prostate cancer: A treatment review and update

Fong, Mei Ka; Hare, Ryan; Jarkowski, Anthony

doi:10.1177/1078155212437599

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men with an estimate of 27,540 deaths in 2015 [1]. Although novel therapies with proven survival benefits have been developed in the last few years [2, 3], the increases in survival rates are marginal. Prostate cancer is a remarkably heterogeneous disease.…”

Section: Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology Clinical Burden and Dilemmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The use of biomarkers for prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and prognosis has the potential to improve the clinical management of the patients. Owing to inherent limitations of the biomarker prostate-specific antigen (PSA), intensive efforts are currently directed towards a search for alternative prostate cancer biomarkers, particularly those that can predict disease aggressiveness and drive better treatment decisions. Methods A literature search of Medline articles focused on recent and emerging advances in prostate cancer biomarkers was performed. The most promising biomarkers that have the potential to meet the unmet clinical needs in prostate cancer patient management and/or that are clinically implemented were selected. Conclusions With the advent of advanced genomic and proteomic technologies, we have in recent years seen an enormous spurt in prostate cancer biomarker research with several promising alternative biomarkers being discovered that show an improved sensitivity and specificity over PSA. The new generation of biomarkers can be tested via serum, urine, or tissue-based assays that have either received regulatory approval by the US Food and Drug Administration or are available as Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-based laboratory developed tests. Additional emerging novel biomarkers for prostate cancer, including circulating tumor cells, microRNAs and exosomes, are still in their infancy. Together, these biomarkers provide actionable guidance for prostate cancer risk assessment, and are expected to lead to an era of personalized medicine.

show abstract

Section: Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology Clinical Burden and Dilemmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, owing to the drawbacks of PSA including low specificity and inability to differentiate between indolent and aggressive prostate tumors, prostate cancer clinical management is often challenging. Treatment options for advanced metastatic disease are limited and cause marginal increases in survival [7, 8] Also, PCa is associated with high rates of disease recurrence, with ~40% of localized PCa cases having relapse after initial therapy [9] and tumor progression to a hormone refractory/castration resistant stage [1, 10] that is essentially untreatable [1, 11]. A major challenge is the elucidation of underlying molecular pathways of PCa progression, recurrence and metastasis that will open new avenues for the design of effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies for better clinical management of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of male cancer-related deaths. A significant fraction of prostate tumors are very aggressive, often metastasizing to bone, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Also, PCa is associated with high rates of recurrence, often attributed to the existence of cancer stem cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process characterized by decreased expression of epithelial genes and increased expression of mesenchymal genes, plays a critical role in tumor invasion, metastasis and recurrence. In PCa, EMT has been implicated particularly in the context of metastatic disease and microRNAs have emerged as critical post-transcriptional regulators of PCa EMT. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNAs in PCa EMT that play a role in progression, metastasis and recurrence. Studies till date suggest that microRNAs mediate efficient and reversible control of PCa EMT via multiple mechanisms including either by (i) directly repressing single or multiple EMT-TFs or regulating cytoskeletal components (epithelial/mesenchymal genes) or (ii) regulating key signaling pathways involved in EMT. Oncogenic microRNAs often act as EMT promoters by repressing epithelial characteristics and tumor suppressive miRNAs act by inhibiting mesenchymal progression. Further, EMT is mechanistically linked to stem cell signatures in PCa and several miRNAs implicated in EMT have been reported to influence PCa stem cells. Loss of EMT-inhibiting miRNAs and/or gain of EMT promoting miRNAs lead to induction of PCa EMT, leading to tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence. Restoring expression of tumor suppressive miRNAs and inhibiting oncogenic miRNAs represent potential therapeutic opportunities to prevent disease metastasis and recurrence.

show abstract

“…Patients diagnosed with distant prostate cancer metastases are treated with an androgen deprivation as a standard first line treatment. In general, either surgical orchiectomy or medically castration, these initial treatment of metastatic prostate cancer often provides initial temporary disease control and symptomatic relief and many patients will progress later despite androgen deprivation (Fong et al, 2012). Majority of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer have radiological evidence of bone metastases (Osanto and Van Poppel, 2012).…”

Section: Health-related Quality Of Life Of Patients With Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%