A new evaluation procedure for the strut-and-tie models of the disturbed regions of reinforced concrete structures

Zhong, Jitao; Wang, L.; Deng, Peizhen; Zhou, Man

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.012

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…6. The last of the analysed STM of the deep beam-T6 was the model proposed by Zhong et al [6]. The Ground Structure Method (GSM) was used to generate this strut-and-tie model, shown in Fig.…”

Section: Fig 2 Stm Of Deep Beam -T1 Proposed By Novak and Sprengermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7. STM on the basic of ground structure method (GSM) -T6 proposed Zhong et al [6] The reinforcement in the analysed deep beams were designed by the computer aided strut-and-tie (CAST) design tool [7]. The CAST is a graphical design tool that allows the user to customize D-regions, draw an internal truss, check the nodes, select the width of strut members and tie reinforcement.…”

Section: Fig 2 Stm Of Deep Beam -T1 Proposed By Novak and Sprengermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity of deep beams designed by strut-and-tie method

Buda‐Ożóg

2019

MATEC Web Conf.

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This paper presents probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity and reliability for different STM of deep beams. Six deep beams having different reinforcement arrangement obtained on the basis of STM but the same overall geometry and loading pattern were analysed. The used strut-and-tie models for D-regions of analysed elements have been verified and optimised by different researchers. In order to assess load-bearing capacity of these elements probabilistically, stochastic modelling was performed. In the presented probabilistic analysis of deep beams designed, the ATENA software, the SARA software and the CAST (computer-aided strut-and-tie) design tool were used. The reliability analysis shown that STM optimization should be a multi-criteria issue so that the obtained models were characterized by optimal stiffness with the assumed volume or weight and maximum reliability.

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Section: Fig 2 Stm Of Deep Beam -T1 Proposed By Novak and Sprengermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 2 Stm Of Deep Beam -T1 Proposed By Novak and Sprengermentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity of deep beams designed by strut-and-tie method

Buda‐Ożóg

2019

MATEC Web Conf.

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“…Despite the existence of refined techniques such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), Micro Truss (MTM) and Stringer-Panel (SPM) (Mello & Souza, 2016;Vieira, 2018), international codes such as ACI 318-14 (2014), EC2 (2004) and ABNT NBR 6118 (2014) still recommend the use of struts and ties model (STM) to solve this problem. Zhong et al (2017) defines the STM as a visual representation to indicate the internal forces in a discrete way, idealizing the load flow through compressed members (struts), traction and the intersection between them (nodes). Currently, the STM for the design of concrete deep beams is idealized through the evaluation of the elastic stress field by finite elements (Najafian & Vollum, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized design of RC deep beams based on performance metrics applied to strut and tie model and in-plane stress conditions

Santos

Neto

Reginato

et al. 2019

Lat. Am. j. solids struct.

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Deep beams do not behave according to classical beam theory. The nonlinearity of strain distribution within these elements requires application of strut and tie models (STM) or other alternatives to evaluate the complex stress field. Although the design of these elements is a common task for structural engineers, limited research is found on assessing effectiveness of the results. The purpose of this work is to compare, in a systematic approach, different design solutions for a deep beam using selected performance metrics which are strain energy, reinforcement ratio, maximum load, structural efficiency, safety factor and cracking behavior. A deep beam (2.85 m of height, 4.20 m of length and 0.2 m of thickness) with a square opening (0.7 m x 0.7 m) close to one of the supports was subjected to a uniform loading at the top surface while resting on supports at both ends. A simplified finite element model (FEM) of this beam was developed simulating concrete with elastic linear stress-strain behavior and disregarding steel reinforcements. This model allowed determination of elastic stress fields necessary to subsequent analyses. Four STM were then developed, supposing the total load respectively represented by one (STM-1), two (STM-2), four (STM-4) or eight (STM-8) concentrated loads equally spaced along the top of the beam. Additionally, an in-plane stress field method (SFM) was applied to the design of the same beam subjected to uniform loading on the top surface. After design and detailing of the reinforcement for each situation, nonlinear FEMs were used to predict the ultimate conditions. The strain energy reduced significantly comparing results from STM-1 to STM-2 and subsequently to STM-4 and remained at a low level in STM-8 and SFM. The reinforcement ratio reduced systematically from STM-1 to STM-8, was minimum with the SFM and the same behavior was followed by maximum load. The structural efficiency (maximum load/reinforcement ratio) increased from STM-1 to STM-8, with maximum efficiency at STM-8 and was slightly below with SFM. The safety factor reduced systematically from STM-1 to STM-8 and was slightly lower with SFM, but in all cases was above acceptable limits found in design codes.

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“…Çubuk Benzeşim Metodu (STM), 1994'de "AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" da beton elemanların dizaynı olarak yer verilmiştir. Bu metodun, beton elemanlara da uygulanabileceği yapılan çalışmalarla incelenmiştir [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. STM, betonarme elemanların farklı yüklemeler nedenleriyle sürekli ortamların, süreksiz durumlara geçişini sağlamaktadır.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Farkli Yüklemelere Maruz Ki̇ri̇şlerde Evri̇msel Yapi Opti̇mi̇zasyonu Ve Çubuk Analoji̇si̇yle Di̇zayni

Aras

Çalişkan

Kaya

2018

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi

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ÖZEvrimsel Yapı Optimizasyonu (ESO) yönteminde amaç; yapı içerisinde gerilmelerin düzgün dağılım sağlamasıyla ağırlık ve rijitlik bakımından en ideal yapıya ulaşmaktır. Yapı tasarımı için yeni olan ESO yönteminde, başlangıç tasarım alanındaki elemanlar bir döngü içerisinde belirli kıstaslar dahilinde çıkarılma işlemiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Bu döngü, ideal tasarım elde edilene kadar tekrarlanmaktadır. Elde edilen ideal model, Çubuk Benzeşim Metodunun (STM) başlangıcı için optimum model olarak kabul edilebilmektedir. Çubuk Benzeşim Metodu, kirişleri çubuk sistemine çevirerek elemanların paralel-yatay çubuk gibi davrandığı kabul eden yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada, farklı yüklemelere maruz köprü kirişinde, ESO yönteminde elde edilen optimum tasarımın STM modeli için uygunluğu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca farklı yüklemeler için optimum tasarım örneklemeleri sunulmuştur. ESO yönteminde eleman çıkartılma döngüsü ANSYS sonlu elemanlar programı yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Evrimsel yapı optimizasyonu, çubuk benzeşim metodu, yapı dizayn, ANSYS DESIGN EVOLUTIONARY STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION AND STRUT-and-TIE METHOD IN DIFFERENT LOADING EXPOSED TO BEAM ABSTRACTThe purpose of the Evolutionary Structure Optimization (ESO) method is to achieve the optimum structure in terms of weight and stiffness with uniform distribution of stresses in the structure. ESO methods for building design, the elements in the initial design field are generated by subtraction within certain criteria in a loop. This loop is repeated until the ideal design is obtained. The obtained ideal model can be acceptedas the optimum model for the Strut-and-Tie Method (STM). STM is a method that turns the beams into a rod system and assumes that the elements behave like a parallel-horizontal rod. In this study, optimum design samples with obtained by Evolutionary Structure Optimization method was investigated for suitability of Strut-and-Tie Method on bridge beam subjected to different loads. In addition, optimum design samples are presented for different loads. In the ESO method, the element removal loop is carried out by using ANSYS finite element software.

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A new evaluation procedure for the strut-and-tie models of the disturbed regions of reinforced concrete structures

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity of deep beams designed by strut-and-tie method

Probabilistic assessment of load-bearing capacity of deep beams designed by strut-and-tie method

Optimized design of RC deep beams based on performance metrics applied to strut and tie model and in-plane stress conditions

Farkli Yüklemelere Maruz Ki̇ri̇şlerde Evri̇msel Yapi Opti̇mi̇zasyonu Ve Çubuk Analoji̇si̇yle Di̇zayni

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