“…The latter include nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 195 ], graphene [ 207 ], graphene oxide (GO) [ 208 ], reduced graphene oxide (RGO) [ 209 ] and others, and are well-known for their applications in biomedical engineering [ 210 ] and other biological applications [ 211 ], including drug delivery [ 212 , 213 ], sequential enrichment of peptides [ 214 ], osteoporotic bone regeneration [ 215 ], enzyme immobilization [ 216 ], biomaterials and bionics [ 217 ], generation of neurons [ 218 ], cellular migration [ 219 ], etc. Most of these nanomaterials can be routinely produced [ 220 , 221 ] or synthesized [ 222 , 223 , 224 ], even in common organic solvents used to also dissolve polymers [ 209 ] and possess important antimicrobial properties [ 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 ]. Such materials kill microbes through their physical interaction with the microbial surface leading to localized degradation of microbial cell walls [ 231 ] through wrapping, insertion or nano-knife-like processes [ 232 ].…”