A new generation of highly efficient expander products and correlation between their chemical composition and the performance of the lead–acid battery

Pavlov, D.; Myrvold, Bernt O.; Rogachev, T.; Matrakova, M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00386-9

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Electrochemical testing of full scale battery systems is typically done using constant current cycling at variable C-rates. [21][22][23] Therefore, a fundamental understanding of PbSO 4 growth under these conditions could yield valuable information which can be directly related to lead-acid battery performance. In particular, this understanding could help to further identify methods for significantly reducing irreversible or hard sulfation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

Knehr

Eng

Chen‐Wiegart

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Transmission X-ray microscopy is utilized to monitor, in real time, the behavior of the PbSO 4 film that is formed on Pb in H 2 SO 4 . Images collected from the synchrotron x-rays are coupled with voltammetric data to study the initial formation, the resulting passivation, and the subsequent reduction of the film. It is concluded with support from quartz-crystal-microbalance experiments that the initial formation of PbSO 4 crystals occurs as a result of acidic corrosion. In addition, the film is shown to coalesce during the early stages of galvanostatic oxidation and to passivate as a result of morphological changes in the existing film. Finally, it is observed that the passivation process results in the formation of large PbSO 4 crystals with low area-to-volume ratios, which are difficult to reduce under both galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

Knehr

Eng

Chen‐Wiegart

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The results are shown in Figure 3. Two of the expanders show a sharp drop in the molecular weight initially; they all have life times of less than 10 cycles when tested in batteries at 0.2% dosage [10]. Four of the expanders show a slow increase in molecular weight; they all have a life time of more than 10 cycles when tested at the same dosage.…”

Section: Stability Of the Lignosulphonatementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Standard methods for characterising lignosulphonates were employed. Details of these methods have been given earlier [10]. Details of the composition of the expanders are given in Table 1. 2.6.…”

Section: Changes In the Ligninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We see from Figure 1 that with a high sulphonic acid content the lignosulphonates are soluble over the pH range found in a lead acid battery. More details about these expanders can be found elsewhere [10].…”

Section: Precipitation Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The life times are taken from cycle test described in the literature [10]. The end of life for the battery depends somewhat on which property is chosen.…”

Section: Stability Of the Lignosulphonatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between lignosulphonates and the components of the lead acid battery. Part 2. Interactions with the electrolyte and lead sulphate growth

Myrvold

2005

J Appl Electrochem

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Several lignin based expanders underwent various physical and chemical tests. The results were compared with life time measurements for batteries with the same expanders. The aim was to gain understanding of the interactions between the expanders and the other components in the lead acid battery, and also, if possible, to find a quick and reliable screening test for the life time of batteries. The low pH of the sulphuric acid electrolyte will give both hydrolysis of the lignins and condensation. Hydrolysis seems to be detrimental to the performance. The lignosulphonate expanders seem to promote a dissolution-precipitation mechanism for lead sulphate formation. BackgroundExpanders in lead acid batteries influence the size and shape of the lead sulphate particles formed during discharge [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In previous work [8] we looked at the interactions between the lignosulphonate expander and the different solid phases present in a lead acid battery. In this work we will look at the interaction with the electrolyte, that is sulphuric acid, and the lead ions dissolved in the sulphuric acid.The expander greatly improves the performance of starter, lightning and ignition (SLI) batteries. The cold cranking ability is greatly improved, and the life time of the battery is several times longer than without the expander. Many natural and synthetic organic compounds have been used for this purpose [1]. Lignosulphonates have proven to be very well suited as expanders [1,2,9].The construction and testing of batteries is a time and energy consuming process. Several simple tests to screen the expander have been suggested. In this work we investigate whether simple properties of the expander can be used to predict to expander performance, and thus speed up the development time for new expanders. Understanding of the mechanism responsible for the performance of the expanders is also needed. Experimental Surface tensionThe surface tension was determined by a Cenco de Nou¨y tensiometer with a platinum ring. The solutions used were 0.01-5% lignin in a phosphate buffer at pH approximately 6, or in unbuffered sulphuric acid solutions. The temperature was 23°C. The values given are the average of three measurements. The experimental uncertainty is less than 0.2%. The surface tension is a measure of the surface activity of the lignins. Precipitation pHThe precipitation pH was determined by dissolving the lignosulphonates in water and adding sulphuric acid until a precipitate or cloudy solution formed. Solutions with lignin in 6% sulphuric acid were filtered and the molecular weight distribution determined for the soluble fraction in this acid. High temperature stabilityThe high temperature stability was determined in two different ways. 2500 ppm of the lignosulphonates were dissolved in sulphuric acid at three different strengths, e.g. pH 1, pH 3 and pH 5. The solutions were kept at room temperature, at 65°C, and at 105°C. The molecular weight distributions were checked at different times.The high temperature stability was also d...

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Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemicals from Lignin

Fellows

Brown

Doherty

2011

Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation

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A new generation of highly efficient expander products and correlation between their chemical composition and the performance of the lead–acid battery

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

Interactions between lignosulphonates and the components of the lead acid battery. Part 2. Interactions with the electrolyte and lead sulphate growth

Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemicals from Lignin

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