A new in vitro model to test the effectiveness of topical antimicrobial agents. Use of an artificial eschar

Herruzo-Cabrera, R.; Vizcaino-Alcaide, M.J.; Mayer, R.; Rey-Calero, J.

doi:10.1016/0305-4179(92)90117-d

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Whilst vancomycin is one of the few remaining effective systemic antibiotics available for treatment, resistance has been reported and there is major concern that total antibiotic-resistant strains may emerge in the immediate future [7]. At present, topical anti-microbial therapy is the single most important component of wound care to prevent infection [8] and in hospitalised burn patients, Flamazine TM is by far the most frequently used topical prophylactic agent [9] but does not always penetrate into the wound [10] and cannot be used to eradicate carriage from the patient or the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model

Edwards-Jones

Buck

Shawcross

et al. 2004

Burns

131

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Patchouli, tea tree, geranium, lavender essential oils and Citricidal (grapefruit seed extract) were used singly and in combination to assess their anti-bacterial activity against three strains of Staphylococcus aureus: Oxford S. aureus NCTC 6571 (Oxford strain), Epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (EMRSA 15) and MRSA (untypable). The individual essential oils, extracts and combinations were impregnated into filter paper discs and placed on the surface of agar plates, pre-seeded with the appropriate strain of Staphylococcus. The effects of the vapours of the oils and oil combinations were also assessed using impregnated filter paper discs that were placed on the underside of the Petri dish lid at a distance of 8mm from the bacteria. The most inhibitory combinations of oils for each strain were used in a dressing model constructed using a four layers of dressings: the primary layer consisted of either Jelonet or TelfaClear with or without Flamazine; the second was a layer of gauze, the third a layer of Gamgee and the final layer was Crepe bandage. The oil combinations were placed in either the gauze or the Gamgee layer. This four-layered dressing was placed over the seeded agar plate, incubated for 24h at 37 degrees C and the zones of inhibition measured. All experiments were repeated on three separate occasions. No anti-bacterial effects were observed when Flamazine was smeared on the gauze in the dressing model. When Telfaclear was used as the primary layer in the dressing model compared to Jelonet, greater zones of inhibition were observed. A combination of Citricidal and geranium oil showed the greatest-anti-bacterial effects against MRSA, whilst a combination of geranium and tea tree oil was most active against the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (Oxford strain). This study demonstrates the potential of essential oils and essential oil vapours as antibacterial agents and for use in the treatment of MRSA infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model

Edwards-Jones

Buck

Shawcross

et al. 2004

Burns

131

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“…In parallel, cotton germ‐carriers (which give very similar results to the skin of a corpse or a lyophilized pig skin, and also correlate with the ‘in vivo’ results in humans) (Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ) cut into circles of 0·5 cm diameter and sterilized by steam flow were impregnated with 10 µl of a microbial suspension. They were left to dry for 30 min and then 10 µl of antiseptic or sterile distilled water were added, the latter acting as the control for antiseptics.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Antiseptic inhibitor (Herruzo‐Cabrera et al, ; Herruzo et al, ; Herruzo et al, ; Herruzo et al, ; Herruzo et al, ): Nutrient Broth (Lab BD) containing 6% Tween80 (Lab Panreac. Castellar del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain), 0·5% sodium bisulphite (Lab Panreac) and 0·5% sodium thiosulphate (Lab Panreac) serves to inhibit the action of the antiseptics or disinfectants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were left to dry for 30 min and then 10 µl of antiseptic or sterile distilled water were added, the latter acting as the control for antiseptics. The antiseptic or control was left to act for 30 s or 1 min after which its potential antimicrobial action was inhibited by submerging each carrier in a tube containing 1 ml of the antiseptic inhibitor described above (Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ; Herruzo et al ). Subsequently, each tube was shaken with its carrier for 1 min after which two 100 µl neat or diluted (1 : 100) aliquots were cultured onto blood, MacConkey or Sabouraud dextrose agar plates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An interesting increase in immediate and residual efficacy of a trade mark of alcoholic 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, with and without dye, has been demonstrated by an in vitro study with ATCC micro‐organisms and strains isolated from ICU patients

et al. 2020

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Aim: ChloraPrep TM (CHP) is a clear solution of 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine (CHG) in 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol (IPA) administered with a specially designed sterile single-use applicator in which a tinting agent can be added to the CHP solution upon activation of applicator immediately prior to patient skin preparation (CHP+T). This study investigated whether the immediate and residual efficacy of CHP vs CHP+T and a stock solution of 2% CHG in 70% IPA varied, and whether CHP was compromised by the addition of the dye. Methods and Results: We compared the immediate and residual activity (in 1 min) of 70% IPA with that of 2% CHG in 70% IPA stock solution prepared in the laboratory against CHP+T and CHP, against 22 micro-organisms (5 ATCC and 18 clinical isolates) on germ-carriers. CHP and CHP+T demonstrated superior immediate and residual efficacy compared to the 70% IPA plus 2% CHG in 70% IPA stock solutions. Each antiseptic tested showed greater efficacy against the Gram-positive bacteria than against the Gramnegative bacteria. However, their antimicrobial effect on yeasts was even lower. Conclusions: CHP and CHP+T have superior immediate and residual efficacy compared to stock 70% IPA and 2% CHG in 70% IPA solutions, and CHP+T is not affected by the tinting agent. Significance and Impact of the Study: ChloraPrep is a product which can be stained just before use. We have demonstrated that the immediate and residual efficacy of the antimicrobial solution is not compromised by the dye. The efficacy of CHP is greater against bacteria than against yeasts obtained from ICU patients. Interestingly, CHP is more effective against bacteria than a formula made in the laboratory with the same basic components (2% chlorhexidine and 70% IPA). The intermittent heat sterilization process of the commercial preparation might hypothetically have improved the residual activity of the CHP solutions.

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“…2) Bactericidal effect on skin or equivalent [23] The germ samples used were isolated from various patients in the ICU at La Paz Hospital. The germ carrier of skin or rough fabric (as a model of human skin) 0.5 cm in diameter was contaminated with 10 µl of microorganism suspension (10 9 CFU/ml) and left to dry for 15 min on a plate inclined at 30˚.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

It’s Possible to Predict a Decreased Bactericidal Effect of Biocides, through Antibiotic Resistance in ICU: Study Using a Large Sample of Bacteria and Multivariate Analysis

Herruzo¹,

Herruzo

Vizcaino

2015

AID

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Objective: To determine whether there was any association between resistance to antibiotics and decreased susceptibility to antiseptics and disinfectants and their importance in clinical practice. Methods: We studied a large number of microorganisms isolated from ICU patients (high percentage of cases of antibiotic resistance). The antibiogram (Kirby-Bauer) was determined and, in parallel, the bactericidal effect was assessed by two methods, according to the product used: 1) Effect on rough material (endodontic files) in 10 min, using five disinfectants; 2) Effect on a skin equivalent (sterile cotton cloth) in 30 sec, for two alcohol solutions. A predictive equation of the bactericidal effects versus microorganisms' antibiogram was obtained by multivariate methods. Results: Bactericidal efficacy was very similar for all the products with the exception of 1% povidone-iodine. Within each product there were no significant differences between the three groups of microorganisms: "Enterobacteria", "Non Fermentative Gram Negative Bacteria" and "cocci". Multivariate study only obtained one significant equation: 1% chlorhexidine resistance was directly correlated with aztreonam resistance (OR = 2.16), while resistance to imipenem and to phosphomycin acted as protection factors (OR < 1). Conclusion: There is no necessary to change the indications for antiseptics or disinfectants in ICUs, except if aztreonam resistance is high. In which case is better to use greater concentration than 1% of Chlorhexidine.

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A new in vitro model to test the effectiveness of topical antimicrobial agents. Use of an artificial eschar

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model

The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model

An interesting increase in immediate and residual efficacy of a trade mark of alcoholic 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, with and without dye, has been demonstrated by an in vitro study with ATCC micro‐organisms and strains isolated from ICU patients

It’s Possible to Predict a Decreased Bactericidal Effect of Biocides, through Antibiotic Resistance in ICU: Study Using a Large Sample of Bacteria and Multivariate Analysis

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