A new insight into the fabella at knee: the foetal development and evolution

Jin, Zhe Wu; Shibata, Shunichi; Abe, Hidekazu; Jin, Yu; Li, X W; Murakami, Gen

doi:10.5603/fm.a2016.0048

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Observing how these bones are being shaped by compression of the tendons suggests that they reduce the pressure on the adjoined bones. Other possible functions include stabilization and strengthening of the joint, fixing tendons in their place and modifying the direction of a muscle pull vector, therefore making the specific movement faster, stronger and less energyconsuming [2,3,4,5,7,8,10,13,14,19,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands

et al. 2020

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Background: This study describes the morphology of sesamoid bones in the human hand. Ultrasound imaging was used to record the presence and measurements of sesamoids in 120 hands of 60 healthy, young adults of Caucasian ethnicity. Materials and methods: The mean number of sesamoid bones was 4.16 in the left hand and 4.03 in the right hand. 21.6% of cases showed asymmetry between the right hand and the left. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of sesamoid bones between right and left hand in males in this study. Females show a higher incidence of sesamoid bones overall, but do not demonstrate a significant difference between the sides. Results: Prevalence findings: Two in the 1 st Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) in 99.2% of cases, with one case of a single bone. One in the 2 nd MCPJ in 43.3% of cases. One in the 5 th MCPJ in 84.2% of cases. One in the 1 st Interphalangeal joint (IPJ) in 83.4%of cases. Aside from that there was one case of sesamoid in the 3 rd MCPJ and separate case of sesamoid in the 3 rd proximal IPJ. Conclusions: Moreover, this study discusses discrepancies of opinion regarding sesamoid bones in morphological research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands

et al. 2020

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“…Although it is similarly embedded within the lateral head tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle in both human and mouse, the attachment site of this tendon varies between the two species. In humans, the fabella is located behind the lateral condyle of the femur, whereas in mice it is found on its lateral side (Jin et al, 2017;Phukubye and Oyedele, 2011;Sarin et al, 1999). The fabella lacks articular cartilage and is, in addition, connected by the fabellofibular ligament to the fibular tip and to the proximolateral side of the meniscus by two separate bundles of fibers (Jin et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, the fabella is located behind the lateral condyle of the femur, whereas in mice it is found on its lateral side (Jin et al, 2017;Phukubye and Oyedele, 2011;Sarin et al, 1999). The fabella lacks articular cartilage and is, in addition, connected by the fabellofibular ligament to the fibular tip and to the proximolateral side of the meniscus by two separate bundles of fibers (Jin et al, 2017). These anatomical differences imply that, unlike patella, the function of the fabella is not to facilitate and enhance movement but rather restrict it by anchoring and stabilizing the knee, thus preventing possible external rotation of the tibia or hyperextension of the knee (Hauser et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common cellular origin and diverging developmental programs for different sesamoid bones

et al. 2019

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Sesamoid bones are small auxiliary bones that form near joints and contribute to their stability and function. Thus far, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for this highly diverse group of bones has been challenging. Here, we compare our previously reported mechanisms of patella development in the mouse with those of two anatomically different sesamoids, namely lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. We show that all three types of sesamoid bones originate from Sox9 + /Scx + progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independently of mechanical stimuli from muscles. Whereas BMP2 regulates the growth of all examined sesamoids, the differentiation of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids is regulated redundantly by BMP4 and BMP2. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially form in juxtaposition to long bones, lateral fabella forms independently and at a distance. Finally, our evidence suggests that, unlike the synovial joint that separates patella from femur, digit sesamoids detach from the phalanx by formation of a fibrocartilaginous joint. These findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, which underscores their evolutionary plasticity.

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“…Thus, the superficial and deep digastric muscles were likely to present in the foot flexors. Finally, the plantaris muscle also contributed to the hypothetical double-layered digastric muscles, as the plantaris muscle corresponded to a long flexor of the fingers observed in marsupials [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Development of digastric muscles in human foetuses: a review and findings in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

et al. 2018

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The digastricus and omohyoideus muscles are digastric muscles with two muscle bellies. An insertion tendon of the posterior belly becomes an intermediate tendon in digastricus muscles, whereas a single band-like muscle in omohyoideus muscles may later be interrupted by an intermediate tendon, possibly due to muscle cell death caused by mechanical stress. In human foetuses, an intermediate tendon provides the temporal origins of the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. Some reptiles, including snakes, carry multiple series of digastric-like axial muscles, in which each intersegmental septum is likely to become an intermediate tendon. These findings indicate that many pathways are involved in the development of digastric muscles. A review of these morphologies suggested that the flexor digi-torum superficialis (FDS) muscle was a digastric muscle, although the intermediate tendon may not be visible in the surface view in adults. The present observations support the hypothesis that the proximal anlage at the elbow develops into a deep muscle slip to a limited finger, while the distal anlage at the wrist develops into the other slips. The findings suggest that, in the FDS muscle, the proximal and distal bellies of the embryonic digastric muscle fuse together to form a laminar structure, in which muscle slips accumulate from the palmar to the deep side of the forearm. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 362-370).

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A new insight into the fabella at knee: the foetal development and evolution

Abstract: (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 1: 87-93)

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands

Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands

Common cellular origin and diverging developmental programs for different sesamoid bones

Development of digastric muscles in human foetuses: a review and findings in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

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