A new long-wavelength fluorescent probe for tracking peroxynitrite in live cells and inflammatory sites of zebrafish

Abstract

Design of a long-wavelength fluorescent probe for tracking peroxynitrite in live cells and inflammatory sites of zebrafish.

Reactive dyes for living cells: Applications, artefacts, and some comparisons with textile dyeing

“…This article therefore largely ignores nonimaging dyes which do not localise within a biological substrate, such as using the tetrazolium salt → formazan transformation to assess cell viability without intracellular localisation of the coloured reaction product. 7 Also excluded is the use of dyes to obtain localisation/composition information on the macroscopic scale-eg, of complete, large organisms, such as when assessing peroxynitrite in live zebrafish 8 or tracking the movement of free-living mosquitos. 9 Accounts of the wider uses of fluorescent probes are of course available, including one in this journal.…”

Rhodol-Based Fluorescent Probes Used for Fast Response toward ClO– and Delayed Determination of H2O2 in Living Cells

“…21,23 To fully understand the potential mechanisms and their roles in the signaling transduction and metabolism of HOCl and H2O2 in living systems, it is important to develop HOCl and H2O2 probes with far-infrared to near-infrared emission. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Among the potential fluorophores with emission in this area, rhodol (3′-amino-6′-hydroxy-fluoran) remained largely overlooked until 1990 when a well-developed fluorophore with near-infrared emission was achieved, and provided momentum in the field of advanced fluorescence imaging. [36][37][38] The possible reaction mechanisms of fluorescent HOCl/ClOand H2O2 mainly involve the oxidation of unsaturated double bonds [39][40][41] , the oxidation of thioethers [42][43][44] , the deprotection/oxidation of aryl borates/borate esters 37,[45][46][47][48] , the oxidation of amino groups or hydrazides [49][50] and multi-site oxidation [51][52][53][54] .…”

“…20,22 To fully understand the potential mechanisms and their roles in the signaling transduction and metabolism of HOCl and H 2 O 2 in living systems, it is important to develop HOCl and H 2 O 2 probes with far-infrared to near-infrared emission. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Among the potential fluorophores with emission in this area, rhodol (3′-amino-6′-hydroxy-fluoran) remained largely overlooked until 1990 when a well-devel-B B. Wang et al…”

Mitochondria-Targeting and Reversible Near-Infrared Emissive Iridium(III) Probe for in vivo ONOO–/GSH Redox Cycles Monitoring

“…The dynamic changes of redox state in the living organism are closely related to the cellular physiological process, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. − Under normal physiological conditions, proper redox homeostasis is maintained by regulating the dynamic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) in cells. − However, once the human body suffers from virus invasion, intension stimulation, and diseases, the oxidative stress increases rapidly and further causes damage related to biological macromolecules and cells, which could trigger atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and so on. − Peroxynitrite (ONOO – ), a high oxidative species in the biosystem, is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (•O 2 – ) radicals. − It is considered to contribute to oxidative stress, and the abnormally high concentration of ONOO – tends to cause lots of disease likes neurodegeneration, hepatic injury, and inflammatory diseases. − To some extent, ONOO – is tightly bound with the dynamic levels of ROS or RNS. − On the other hand, because of the mechanism of self-protection in living cells, various antioxidants or reductants, in which glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant biothiol, can effectively prevent oxidative stress to keep the balance of the redox system by scavenging free ROS/RNS. − ONOO – can interfere significantly with the content of GSH in mitochondria so that it disturbs the normal physiological function of mitochondria. The study of the interaction between GSH and ONOO – may also reflect the physiological and pathological effects of endogenous ONOO – .…”