A New Look at an Old Task Advantages and Uses of Sickness-Conditioned Learning in Day-Old Chicks

Barber, Teresa A.; Klunk, Amanda M.; Howorth, Pamela D.; Pearlman, Melanie F.; Patrick, Krista E.

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00597-2

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), the association formed after a single‐trial learning with interstimulus intervals between 15 and 45 min was considerably stronger than when the intervals were shorter (Barber et al. ). Thus, the interval between consumption of P .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forming an association between a conditioned stimulus and the following unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning is usually easier when the interval between the two stimuli is relatively short (Pearce 2008). However, in case of sickness-conditioned learning, the association is readily formed even when the interstimulus interval is long (Garcia et al 1966;Wilcoxon et al 1971;Barber et al 1998). In domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus), the association formed after a single-trial learning with interstimulus intervals between 15 and 45 min was considerably stronger than when the intervals were shorter (Barber et al 1998).…”

Section: Avoidance Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in case of sickness-conditioned learning, the association is readily formed even when the interstimulus interval is long (Garcia et al 1966;Wilcoxon et al 1971;Barber et al 1998). In domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus), the association formed after a single-trial learning with interstimulus intervals between 15 and 45 min was considerably stronger than when the intervals were shorter (Barber et al 1998). Thus, the interval between consumption of P. apterus and the following sickness may paradoxically be shorter than the optimum for effective sickness-conditioned learning.…”

Section: Avoidance Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera

et al. 2013

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We tested the importance of innate wariness, avoidance learning, memory and generalization for the formation of predatory behaviour in naive great tits (Parus major) towards mimetic complex of four aposematic species of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Lygaeus equestris, Spilostethus saxatilis, Pyrrhocoris apterus and Graphosoma lineatum. The birds showed almost no innate wariness against the aposematically coloured bugs, although a hidden wariness elicited by defensive chemicals of some of the bug species is not excluded. Naive birds learned to avoid different species at different rates, which resulted in different prey mortalities. The avoidance learning was faster when the defensive chemicals produced an immediate irritating effect (particularly when squirted into distance – G. lineatum) than when they caused sickness several minutes after the consumption (P. apterus). The experience of birds from learning to avoid a particular species of bug affected their subsequent behaviour to other species – experience with better‐defended species resulted in longer attack latencies, more cautious attacks, broader generalization and lower prey mortality. The least defended species, P. apterus, benefited from the experience of birds with better‐defended species, whereas the birds' experience with P. apterus did not reduce mortality risk of the other species comparably. Judging from the inexperienced young birds, the mimetic relationships are likely to be quasi‐Batesian. However, as wild‐caught great tits avoid all the four species to the same extent, the relationships may become more mutualistic (quasi‐Müllerian) in later phases of learning under natural conditions. The relationships among species in the mimetic complex thus seem to depend on the amount of experience of the bird predators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Avoidance Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Avoidance Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera

et al. 2013

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“…(2000) is a variant of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm in which a novel taste (that of alcohol introduced for the first time) is associated with a noxious condition (the disulfiram-ethanol reaction). That a robust conditioned taste aversion quickly develops under such conditions has been demonstrated (Nolan et al ., 1997; Scalera et al ., 1997; Barber et al ., 1998; Yasoshima and Yamamoto, 1998). We have successfully confirmed the above authors’ findings with disulfiram and demonstrated the ability of our three kynurenine metabolites to induce aversion to alcohol (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptophan in Alcoholism Treatment I: Kynurenine Metabolites Inhibit the Rat Liver Mitochondrial Low Km Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity, Elevate Blood Acetaldehyde Concentration and Induce Aversion to Alcohol

Badawy

Bano

Steptoe

2011

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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Aims: The aims were to provide proofs of mechanism and principle by establishing the ability of kynurenine metabolites to inhibit the liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity after administration and in vivo, and to induce aversion to alcohol. Methods: Kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) were administered to normal male Wistar rats and ALDH activity was determined both in vitro in liver homogenates and in vivo (by measuring blood acetaldehyde following ethanol administration). Alcohol consumption was studied in an aversion model in rats and in alcohol-preferring C57 mice. Results: ALDH activity was significantly inhibited by all three metabolites by doses as small as 1 mg/kg body wt. Blood acetaldehyde accumulation after ethanol administration was strongly elevated by KA and 3-HK and to a lesser extent by 3-HAA. All three metabolites induced aversion to alcohol in rats and decreased alcohol preference in mice. Conclusions: The above kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan induce aversion to alcohol by inhibiting ALDH activity. An intellectual property covering the use of 3-HK and 3-HAA and derivatives thereof in the treatment of alcoholism by aversion awaits further development.

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“…Rowe and Guilford (1996) found that chickens avoided yellow and red crumbles when these feeds were associated with pyrazine (a defensive substance secreted by insects). Chickens were able to recognize and avoid a specific colored bead that had previously been associated with an injection of lithium chloride (a chemical causing nausea), whereas they did not avoid beads of other colors (Turro et al, 1994;Barber et al, 1998). Burne and Rogers (1997) trained 1-day-old chicks with red beads treated in 4 different ways: a methyl anthranilate taste, a methyl anthranilate odor, a methyl anthranilate taste and odor, and dry and unscented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early visual experience of food does not appear to reduce subsequent feed neophobia in turkeys

et al. 2011

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Turkeys may reduce their feed intake because of neophobia toward a new diet; however, their feeding behavior is not well known. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of diet color on behavior and feed intake in turkeys. For 2 wk, 2 groups of 1-day-old turkey chicks were fed diets varying in color but of the same composition: light-colored crumbles (LC group) or dark-colored crumbles (DC group). Both groups (total n = 144) were then fed a novel diet of green crumbles for the next 2 wk. On d 30, the original groups were each divided into 3 groups and received light, dark, or green pellets. We postulated that neophobia on d 30 would be reduced for chicks fed 1) green pellets compared with diets of other colors because of the effect of recent experience, and 2) a diet of a color that was previously encountered over the first 2 wk of life. Behavior and feed intake were measured on the days before and during each feed transition at 5 min after the changeover feed to observe the short-term reaction. On the first transition day, birds in the LC group decreased their feed intake significantly at 5 min, unlike birds in the DC group, which increased their feed intake. Exploratory behavior increased in both groups when they received green crumbles on the transition day, indicating a response to the color. The changeover to pellets induced a reduction in feed intake in all groups at 5 min, but, in line with our first hypothesis, behavioral changes were less pronounced in birds receiving green pellets. However, turkeys in the DC group did not eat more dark-colored pellets than those in the other groups, and turkeys in the LC group did not eat more light-colored pellets. In the present experiment, we conclude that previous visual experience did not reduce subsequent feed neophobia but that color continuity facilitated a diet change from one feed form to another.

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A New Look at an Old Task Advantages and Uses of Sickness-Conditioned Learning in Day-Old Chicks

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera

How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera

Tryptophan in Alcoholism Treatment I: Kynurenine Metabolites Inhibit the Rat Liver Mitochondrial Low Km Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity, Elevate Blood Acetaldehyde Concentration and Induce Aversion to Alcohol

Early visual experience of food does not appear to reduce subsequent feed neophobia in turkeys

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