“…[8][9][10] Yet, most of the available methods are still in vitro ones. Generally, a given control parameter is suddenly modified and the relaxation of the chemical system towards its new equilibrium state is monitored in time using spectroscopic acquisition (e.g., fluorescence emission, 2, 11-13 circular dichroism, 2, 11-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 2,14 and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption 15,16 ). Concerning the applied perturbation, the concentration in reagents or the nature of the buffer can be changed by molecular advection coupled to diffusion, as in stopped-flow devices, 2,[11][12][13]17 microfluidic mixers, 18,19 and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors.…”