A new model of respiration in blastoid (Echinodermata) hydrospires based on computational fluid dynamic simulations of virtual 3D models

Waters, Johnny A.; White, Lyndsie Elizabeth; Sumrall, Colin D.; Nguyen, Bonnie K.

doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.1

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…, ; Waters ; Waters et al . ). As there are only three largely complete specimens of M. uniplicatus , serial sectioning of the specimens was not possible.…”

Section: Macurdablastus As a Key To Understanding Eublastoideamentioning

confidence: 97%

Redescription of Macurdablastus and redefinition of Eublastoidea as a clade of Blastoidea (Echinodermata)

2019

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Eublastoids are a large clade of blastoids; stemmed blastozoan echinoderms diagnosed by their conservative body plan (three basals, four deltoid plates and five radial plates), lancet plate supporting the ambulacra, and hydrospire respiratory structures. Although Eublastoidea was a highly successful clade in the middle and late Palaeozoic it is absent from early echinoderm radiations seen in the Cambrian and Ordovician record. Here we provide a re‐evaluation of Macurdablastus uniplicatus Broadhead from the Ordovician, using detailed morphological assessment based on advanced synchrotron tomography and phylogenetic analysis. Macurdablastus uniplicatus falls outside Eublastoidea because of the morphological differences in lancet plate and respiratory structures. The oldest recorded eublastoid is thus middle Silurian in age. The re‐evaluation of the morphology of Macurdablastus provides a basis for revising blastoid phylogeny and classification.

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“…, ; Waters ; Waters et al . ). As there are only three largely complete specimens of M. uniplicatus , serial sectioning of the specimens was not possible.…”

Section: Macurdablastus As a Key To Understanding Eublastoideamentioning

confidence: 97%

Redescription of Macurdablastus and redefinition of Eublastoidea as a clade of Blastoidea (Echinodermata)

2019

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“…; Waters et al . in press), as well as foraminifera (Caromel et al . ) and Ediacaran organisms (Rahman et al .…”

Section: Examples In Palaeontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational fluid dynamics as a tool for testing functional and ecological hypotheses in fossil taxa

Rahman

2017

Palaeontology

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Computational fluid dynamics is a method for simulating fluid flows that has been widely used in engineering for decades, and which also has applications for studying function and ecology in fossil taxa. However, despite the possible benefits of this approach, computational fluid dynamics has been used only rarely in palaeontology to date. The theoretical basis underlying the technique is outlined and the main steps involved in carrying out computer simulations of fluid flows are detailed. I also describe previous studies that have applied the method to fossils and discuss their potential for informing future research directions in palaeontology. Computational fluid dynamics can enable large-scale comparative analyses, as well as exacting tests of hypotheses related to the function and ecology of ancient organisms. In this way, it could transform our understanding of many extinct fossil groups.

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“…2) and finally to the excurrent openings, spiracles, at the summit (Sprinkle, 1973;Waters et al, 2017).…”

Section: Hydrospire Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objective, therefore, is to provide descriptions relating the internal anatomy to the external expression of the respiratory structures. These models are currently being utilized to simulate functional morphology of blastoids (e.g., Waters et al, 2017) For a complete pre-1937 bibliography of the species synonymies, the reader is referred to Cline (1937, p. 636).…”

Section: Systematic Paleontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrospire morphology and implications for blastoid phylogeny

Bauer¹,

Sumrall²,

Waters³

2017

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-The external expression of hydrospires in blastoids has provided a basis for major and minor group classification in the clade for over a century. Unfortunately, the complete anatomy of the hydrospires has never been comprehensively studied. This study examined and described the internal hydrospires of six spiraculate species by digitally extracting hydrospire data from a legacy data set of serial acetate peels. Although only six models have been currently generated, hydrospire morphology is variable both within and between previously described spiraculate families. Hydrospires were found to possess novel characters that were incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis of the six digitally modeled species and several related species. The addition of internal morphology into the phylogenetic analysis provides further resolution between groupings of blastoids.

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A new model of respiration in blastoid (Echinodermata) hydrospires based on computational fluid dynamic simulations of virtual 3D models

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

Redescription of Macurdablastus and redefinition of Eublastoidea as a clade of Blastoidea (Echinodermata)

Redescription of Macurdablastus and redefinition of Eublastoidea as a clade of Blastoidea (Echinodermata)

Computational fluid dynamics as a tool for testing functional and ecological hypotheses in fossil taxa

Hydrospire morphology and implications for blastoid phylogeny

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