A new peptide (Ruviprase) purified from the venom of Daboia russelii russelii shows potent anticoagulant activity via non-enzymatic inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa

A proteomic analysis of Pakistan Daboia russelii russelii venom and assessment of potency of Indian polyvalent and monovalent antivenom

“…Immunoreactivity and neutralization of pro-coagulant or anticoagulant activities of crude RVV and its GF chromatographic peaks with commercial polyvalent and monovalent antivenom Intravenous administration of antivenom is the only choice for the treatment of snakebite. However, due to the complex interplay of several crucial factors, for example, geographic and species-level variation in snake venom composition [5,34], as well as low immunogenicity of low molecular weight components of venom [10,12,18], the therapeutic efficacy of an antivenom in neutralizing all of the toxic components of a snake venom remains a challenge [90]. Therefore, in the present study antigenic cross-reactivity of commercial PAV and MAV manufactured in India with crude and gel filtration fractions of Pakistan RVV was investigated by ELISA technique.…”

“…Some non-enzymatic proteins/peptides, such as snaclec, KSPIs, a low molecular mass pro-angiogenic peptide, a dual inhibitor of thrombin and FXa, and a cytotoxin-like peptide have been purified and characterized from RVV [10][11][12]18,19,72].…”

“…Variation in venom composition may result in significant differences in the neutralizing potency of the same antivenom against different populations of the same snake species [16,17]. Notably, several low molecular mass, non-enzymatic components of venom were shown to be poorly neutralized by commercial antivenom, and this lack of efficacy greatly complicates hospital management of snakebite patients [12,18]. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to assess the potency of commercial polyvalent (PAV) and monovalent antivenom (MAV) against Pakistan RVV and its fractions.…”

Immobilization of Thrombin to Alginate Gel and in vitro Application of Immobilized Thrombin

“…The procedure for determination of thrombin activity was briefly given at Table 1. The standard curve was obtained from different concentrations of p-nitroanilide to calculate thrombin activity [7][8][9][10][11][12]. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1 µmol chromogenic substrate per minute at 37°C under standard assay conditions.…”

Anticoagulant mechanism and platelet deaggregation property of a non-cytotoxic, acidic phospholipase A2 purified from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom: Inhibition of anticoagulant activity by low molecular weight heparin

“…Sadly, classical anticoagulant drugs such as heparin and warfarin demonstrate several side effects including bleeding complications that suggest the search for new anticoagulants [35]. Notably, potent anticoagulants derived from snake venom have shown the potential to be developed as better antithrombotic agents [24,27,36]. The non-cytotoxic PLA 2 molecules showing thrombin inhibitory activity may therefore hold great promise for pharmaceutical application in the treatment or prevention of various cardiovascular disorders such as thrombosis [34].…”